Download Disease and Your Body

Diseases
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Disease and Your Body
1. disease – any harmful change in the state of health of the body or mind
2. pathogen – any agent, especially a virus or other microorganism, that causes
disease
3. infectious disease – any disease that is caused by an agent or pathogen that
invades the body
4. noninfectious disease – a disease that is not caused by a pathogen
5. immune system – a combination of the physical and chemical defense that your
body has to fight infection; the tissues, organs, and cells that fight pathogens
6. communicable diseases – a disease that can spread from one person to another
7. non-communicable disease – a disease that cannot be spread from person to
person
Disease
1. Disease – is any harmful change in the health of your body or mind
a. Caused by pathogens – is a virus, microorganism, or another agent that
causes disease
b. Microorganism – is a living thing so small that a microscope is needed to
see it
i. Some are harmless
ii. Some cause disease
iii. Some are helpful – milk to cheese, yeast causes bread to rise, break
down food in digestive system
2. 4 main groups of pathogens
a. Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa
Infectious and noninfectious diseases
1. infectious disease – is any disease that is caused by pathogens that invade the
body
a. May be communicable – able to be passed directly from one person to
another, EX: the flu
2. noninfectious disease – a disease that is not caused by a pathogen, include
diseases of specific body systems and nutritional disorders, EX: heart disease,
cancer
a. not communicable – cannot be passed from person to person
b. many are chronic – lasting for a long time
Review
1. Define disease.
2. What is the difference between infectious and noninfectious diseases?
3. What are pathogens?
Infectious Diseases
1. virus – a tiny, disease causing particle that consists of genetic material and a
protein coat and that invades a healthy cell and instructs that cell to make more
viruses
2. bacteria – extremely small, single celled organism that do not have a nucleus;
single celled microorganism that are found everywhere
3. protozoa – a small, single celled organism that has a nucleus
4. fungi – complex organisms that cannot make their own food
Viruses
1. Virus – tiny, disease-causing particle that invades a healthy cell and instructs that
cell to make more viruses
a. Not living things
b. Can only be seen with an electron microscope
c. Spread by direct contact – kissing
d. Spread by indirect contact – using the same drinking glass, insects
e. Can be prevented with a vaccine – medicine that contains killed or
weakened pathogens, stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies
i. Antibodies are chemicals that your body produces to fight invading
pathogens, each fights a particular pathogen
ii. Antiviral medicine
Bacteria
1. Bacteria – are living things that are more complex than virus, small, single celled
that do not have a nucleus
a. Most can live on their own
b. Spread through direct/indirect contact as well as through air, water, and soil
c. Most are harmless, humans could not live without
d. Ex: whooping cough, cholera, anthrax, tooth decay
e. Control the spread
i. Wash hands, keep kitchens clean, don’t share drinks or eating
utensils, get treatment for illness before it spreads to other people,
boil water
ii. Treated with antibiotics – a medicine used to stop the growth or to
kill bacteria or other microorganisms
Protozoa and Parasites
1. Protozoa – are small, single-celled organism that have a nucleus, they are more
complex than bacteria
i. Most are harmless to humans, others are harmful, EX: Giardia –
found in water supplies, upset stomach, cramps, diarrhea, outbreaks
are rare in America
2. Parasite – an organism that gets its food from another organism, called the host,
without killing the host
i. Plasmodium – causes malaria, carried by a certain mosquito
ii. Cannot see with the naked eye
iii. Drugs are available to treat
Fungi
1. Fungi – complex organisms that cannot make their own food
a. Break down other substances and absorb the nutrients from them
b. Are everywhere and most are harmless
c. Athlete’s foot and yeast infections
d. spread person to person or by fungal spores in the air, water, or soil
e. can be treated with medicines applied to skin or medicine taken by mouth
Review
1. Identify and define four causes of infectious diseases.
2. What is an antibiotic?
3. Why does your doctor need to know that the illness you have is caused by a
virus?
Controlling Disease
1. antibodies – substances made by the body to help it fight disease
2. immunity – the body’s own protection from pathogens that cause a disease
3. resistance – the ability of your body to fight microbes that cause disease
4. vaccines – substances made to protect people from certain diseases
5. antibiotics – medicines developed to kill harmful bacteria
6. hygiene habits – the ways people keep themselves clean
7. injection – a shot; a method of giving a vaccine
8. booster – a later dose of a vaccine received earlier; sometimes needed to maintain
immunity to a disease
9. penicillin – the world’s first antibiotic
10.epidemic – the rapid spread of a disease to large numbers of people
11.infections – the multiplying of pathogens inside your body
12.toxins – harmful wastes that can cause disease by changing the way the body
works
History
1. vaccines – medicines that make a person immune
a. 1st vaccine developed by Edward Jenner to fight small pox
b. contain weakened or dead microorganisms so they cannot multiply and
cause infection
c. the body uses white blood cells to fight against the microorganism
d. not all vaccines give you immunity for life – must get a booster shot to
keep immunity
2. antibiotics – medicines that kill harmful bacteria in the body
a. 1st antibiotic developed by Alexander Fleming when spots of mold
caused bacteria to die
b. penicillin – 1st antibiotic
c. does not destroy viruses – colds or flu
3. sanitation – cleanliness
a. years ago unclean conditions caused rapid spread of disease – epidemic
b. today epidemics are rare – Bubonic Plague - Europe
c. sewage is treated to destroy harmful microorganisms
4. hygiene habits – ways people keep themselves clean
a. washing hands (Chi Chi’s)
b. covering mouth when sneezing or coughing
5. Garbage Disposal
a. collected often
b. some communities bury it
c. burn it to produce energy
6. Water Treatment
a. dirt is removed and chemicals added to kill microorganisms
b. water stored in a way to keep it clean
7. Food preparation
a. Gov. has law that make businesses prepare and handle food carefully
b. pasteurization – process of heating milk to kill bacteria
How do microorganisms cause disease?
1. 2 different ways to cause harm (both ways can happen at the same time)
a. make toxins which interfere with the way the body works; attacks cells
b. Infection – multiplying of pathogens
Defense against Disease
1. skin – your body’s 1st line of defense, acts as a protective wall to keep organisms
out, hairs in nose are included
2. Mucous membrane – produce mucus, a sticky fluid that traps pathogens. These
line your mouth, nose, eyes, throat, and other body parts
3. sweat, saliva, and tears – these body fluids contain chemicals that kill bacteria
4. Stomach acid – sometimes pathogens enter your body through the food you eat or
the liquids you drink. Most of the pathogens that enter are killed by acid in your
stomach
5. helpful microorganism – digestion
6. Microorganisms can only live where they can get what they need to stay alive
i. All need food and water
ii. Some need air, others don’t
iii. Some need warm places, others in only cold areas
iv. Some need a human body
***If it can’t live inside the body, it can’t cause disease***
7. Immune system – goes to work if pathogens get through
a. Tissues, organs, and cells that fight pathogens
b. Consist of white blood cells
i. 1 type produces chemicals that stick to pathogens so that the
pathogens cannot attack a normal body cells
ii. 2nd type either attacks pathogens directly or stimulates other WBCs
to attack pathogens
iii. 3rd type found in body tissues, surrounds and digests invading
pathogens
c. spleen- contains large numbers of WBCs
i. as blood flows through your spleen WBCs remove pathogens in your
blood and kill them
ii. the spleen releases WBCs into your blood to fight pathogens that
may be in other parts of your body
d. take care of your immune system
i. rest and exercise
ii. healthy diet
iii. reduce stress
Review
1. List 3 lines of defense your body has to protect itself from infection.
2. Why is your blood an important part of your immune system?
3. Describe two ways to protect yourself from infectious diseases?
4. Identify two ways to control the spread of infectious diseases?
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
1. symptoms – signs of a disease
2. sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s) – an infectious disease that is spread by
sexual contact; also referred to as a sexually transmitted infection (STI)
3. AIDS – acquired immune deficiency syndrome – an illness that is caused by HIV
infection and that makes an infected person more likely to get unusual forms of
cancer and infection because HIV attacks the body’s immune system
4. abstinence – the refusal to take part in an activity that puts your health or the
health of others at risk
5. transmitted – passed between people
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and the Immune System
1. transmitted - HIV/AIDS is spread 3 ways
a. Mother to baby
b. Sexual contact
c. Contaminated needles/blood product
2. cause – virus - HIV causes AIDS – deadly disease that weakens the body’s ability
to fight pathogens
a. Weakens the immune system and cannot fight off other diseases
b. A person with AIDS usually dies from a disease that a healthy immune
system would resist
3. HIV to AIDS – may not develop for 10 or more years
a. Even if a person shows no signs they can still infect others
STD’s
A. cause – virus or bacteria
1. transmission - intimate body contact
2. symptoms – depend on the disease/infection
a. Chlamydia
-swelling of and scars on the ovaries and testes
-bacteria – curable with antibiotic
-bacteria can be spread from mother to baby during birth
b. Gonorrhea
-no symptoms in females, but causes painful urination in males
-can damage heart, ovaries and testes, and joints
-bacteria – curable with antibiotic
B. What is Hepatitis?
1. caused by a virus that infects the liver (3 types)
2. transmission - Hepatitis A – spread form unwashed hands or by sharing
food/drinking glass (saliva)
3. symptoms - nausea, vomiting, yellow coloring of the skin, stomachache, and
fever
C. What is Mononucleosis?
1. cause – virus (mono)
2. transmission – saliva, droplets from mouth, sharing containers
3. symptoms – starts with a fever, swollen lymph glands, tiredness, sore throat
D. Abstinence and Preventing STDs
1. The only way to be absolutely sure that you will not get an STD is abstinence
2. Abstinence – refusing to take part in any activity or behavior that puts your
health and the health of other people at risk
A. Most STDs are transmitted only by direct contact with body fluids
B. Body fluids include saliva, blood, semen, and vaginal fluid
1. Do not use alcohol or drugs
2. Do not share needles
3. Do not have sexual contact
C. benefits include respect, reaching personal goals, avoiding the risk of
pregnancy and respecting your parents
Review
1. Define STD and list 5 common STDs.
2. What is AIDS?
3. Describe how HIV attacks the immune system.
4. Describe ways to avoid getting an STD.
Noninfectious Diseases
1. noninfectious diseases – a disease that is not caused by a pathogen
2. genetic disease – a disease or disorder that is caused entirely or partly by
defective genetic information passed on to a child from one or both parents
3. congenital disease – a disease or disorder that is present at birth but that is not a
genetic disease
4. chronic – lasting for a long time
5. tumor – a lump of cells
6. carcinogens – substances that can cause cancer
7. insulin – a hormone that helps move the sugar in your blood into your cells
Causes of noninfectious disease
1. Genetic disease – is a disease or disorder that is caused entirely or partly by
genetic information passed on to a child from one or both parents.
a. EX: Down’s Syndrome
2. Congenital disease – is a disease or disorder that is present at birth, but is not a
genetic disease
a. EX: congenital heart disease
3. Lifestyle choices
a. Using tobacco may cause heart disease or lung cancer
b. Pollution may trigger asthma attacks or cause lung cancer
4. Noninfectious diseases are the leading cause of death in America
a. are not caused by pathogens or passed from one person to another, come
from inside a person’s body
Common Noninfectious Diseases
1. Heart disease – high blood pressure, heart attacks, strokes and artery diseases are
types of heart disease
a. Leading cause of death in the United States
b. What is high blood pressure?
1. hypertension – blood pushes too hard against the artery walls
2. tends to be present in some families
3. chronic HBP makes artery walls hard and thick, which causes the heart
to work harder
4. can cause heart to grow larger and weaker
5. stroke can result – blood vessel bursts in the brain
c. atherosclerosis – hardening of the arteries due to plaque build up
1. can result in a heart attack
2. Diabetes – diabetes is a disease in which the body is not able to use sugar
properly
a. Insulin is needed to use sugar – hormone that helps move sugar in your
blood to cells, cells turn sugar into energy, extra is carried to liver for storage
b. diabetes mellitus develops when people cannot make enough insulin
c. sugar stays in blood and does not enter cells
d. sugar levels in blood rise which can cause blurred vision
e. high levels cause extra sugar to go into kidneys and urine, causing a person
to urinate more often
f. cannot be cured, but can be maintained
3. Cancer – is a group of diseases in which cells grow uncontrollably and invade and
destroy healthy tissues. Cancer can attack any part of the body
a. carcinogens – cancer causing agents
1. Chemotherapy - taking certain types of drugs to treat cancer
2. Radiation – energy carried in waves that are used to change the DNA of
a cell or it can damage the genes of a cancer cell so that it cannot grow and
divide any more. It is used to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
4. Allergy – an allergy is an overreaction of the immune system to something in your
surroundings that is harmless to most people
5. Asthma – asthma is a breathing disease that can be triggered by allergies,
infections, exercise, changes in weather, and smoke
6. Alzheimer’s disease – Alzheimer’s disease is an incurable brain disease that
causes a gradual and permanent loss of memory and other brain functions
Review
1. Compare and contrast genetic and congenital disease.
2. What is a noninfectious disease?
3. Name three common noninfectious diseases and the way in which each can be
treated or controlled.
4. Why is it unfair to tease someone who was born with a genetic disorder?
5. What happens in the body of a person with diabetes?