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TOULMIN MODEL OF ARGUMENT • British Logician • Frustrated with the inability of formal logic to explain everyday arguments • Came up with a model for practical reasoning TWO TRIADS – FIRST TRIAD • Claim: the main point the arguer is trying to make-takes the form of a proposition • • • answering the question “So what is your point?” You should send a birthday card to Nancy. It is your turn to drive. Three types of claims: • • • • Fact Value Policy Grounds: the proof or evidence arguer is offering, answering the questions “What is your proof?”, “How come?”, “Why?”, “What makes you say that?” • Because she sent you one on your birthday. • I drove last time. • Use evidence • Source credibility • Analysis & reasoning FIRST TRIAD CONTINUED • Warrant: the summary linking statement between the grounds and the claim. • This family usually remembers birthdays. • We usually take turns driving. • It also identifies the reasoning used in the grounds. • Generalization Cause • Analogy Authority • Sign Parallel Case • GASCAP TOULMIN’S SECOND TRIAD • Backing: provides additional evidence to support reasoning • Qualifier: the degree of force or probability to be attached to the claim • Rebuttal: admits to where circumstances or situations the argument would not hold