Download Toulmin model of argument

TOULMIN MODEL OF ARGUMENT
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British Logician
• Frustrated with the inability of formal logic to explain everyday arguments
• Came up with a model for practical reasoning
TWO TRIADS – FIRST TRIAD
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Claim: the main point the arguer is trying to make-takes the form of a proposition
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answering the question “So what is your point?”
You should send a birthday card to Nancy.
It is your turn to drive.
Three types of claims:
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Fact
Value
Policy
Grounds: the proof or evidence arguer is offering, answering the questions “What
is your proof?”, “How come?”, “Why?”, “What makes you say that?”
• Because she sent you one on your birthday.
• I drove last time.
• Use evidence
• Source credibility
• Analysis & reasoning
FIRST TRIAD CONTINUED
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Warrant: the summary linking statement between the grounds and the claim.
• This family usually remembers birthdays.
• We usually take turns driving.
• It also identifies the reasoning used in the grounds.
• Generalization
Cause
• Analogy
Authority
• Sign
Parallel Case
• GASCAP
TOULMIN’S SECOND TRIAD
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Backing: provides additional evidence to support reasoning
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Qualifier: the degree of force or probability to be attached to the claim
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Rebuttal: admits to where circumstances or situations the argument would not
hold