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ONE SKY CENTER: Best Practice Behavioral Health Approaches for American Indians and Alaska Natives Elizabeth Hawkins, PhD, MPH Dale Walker, MD, Patricia Silk Walker, PhD, Douglas Bigelow, PhD, Laura Loudon, MS Warrior Spirit Conference, Albuquerque, April 22-23, 2004 Overview Introduction Overview AI/AN of comorbidity issues comorbidity Comorbidity Barriers to One Sky Center best practices to integrated treatment Solutions INTRODUCTION TO ONE SKY CENTER One Sky Center Funded by SAMHSA (CSAT & CSAP) “Envisioned as an innovative NRC dedicated to identification and fostering of effective and culturally appropriate substance abuse prevention and treatment.” -Charles Currie, SAMHSA, July 2003 OSC Goals Promote and nurture effective and culturally appropriate prevention and treatment Identify and disseminate evidence-based prevention and treatment practices Provide Help training and technical assistance to expand capacity and improve quality in behavioral health care services OSC Partners Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium Tribal Colleges and Universities One Sky Center Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board Eastern U.S. Tribal Consortium United American Indian Involvement National Indian Youth Leadership Project White Bison Jack Brown Adolescent Treatment Center Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium ANTHC is a non-profit health organization owned and operated by Alaska Native tribal governments and their regional health corporations. Provides comprehensive services statewide to Alaska Natives. Offers: Medical Center specialty services Health and sanitation facility development Training for Alaska Native health professionals Health system statewide network support Community and environmental health services http://www.anthc.org Jack Brown Youth Treatment Center Operated by the Cherokee Nation Health Service and located in Tahlequah, OK Catchment area is primarily Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas Number of tribes served 1997-2003: 71 CARF accredited, 20-bed co-educational facility for youth 13-18 years of age Usual length of stay is between 30 to 120 days Dual Diagnosis approach that targets physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual growth Special emphasis on art therapy as a means of health promotion National Indian Youth Leadership Project A non-profit organization located in Gallup, NM (founder is McClellan Hall) Youth development programs include: Service learning Experiential learning Traditional, culturally-derived rites of passage Academic enrichment Ongoing projects include: Project Venture Walking in Beauty Web of Life 21st Century Learning Center Turtle Island Project Sacred Mountain Learning Center http://www.niylp.org United Indian Involvement A non-profit organization that provides services to the Los Angeles American Indian community. The Los Angeles American Indian Health Project Robert Sundance Family Wellness Center Robert Sundance Workforce Development Program Ah-No-Ven (Healing) Home – Youth Regional Treatment Center American Indian Clubhouse Seven Generations Child and Family Counseling Center Native Pathways to Healing Circles of Care Program http://www.laindianhealth.com White Bison Inc. An American Indian non-profit organization based in Colorado Springs (founder is Don Coyhis) Offers sobriety, recovery, addictions prevention, and wellness/wellbriety learning resources White Bison’s mission is to assist in bringing 100 Native American communities into healing by 2010 The principle underlying White Bison is living in harmony with natural law Ceremonies are used to help individuals and communities get back into harmony http://www.whitebison.org Sample of OSC Current Projects SAMHSA portfolio project Best practices consensus panel Needs assessment of IHS Youth Regional Treatment Centers Alaska Behavioral Health Aide program CAPT and ATTC needs assessment Recruitment and training of AI/AN professionals Technical assistance Development and dissemination of prevention and treatment resources OVERVIEW OF COMORBIDITY ISSUES Comorbidity Defined “Individuals who have at least one mental disorder as well as an alcohol or drug use disorder. While these disorders may interact differently in any one person….at least one disorder of each type can be diagnosed independently of the other.” - Report to Congress of the Prevention and Treatment of CoOccurring Substance Abuser Disorders and Mental Disorders, SAMHSA, 2002 Lifetime History Mental Disorder 22.5% Comorbidity 29% 3.1% 1.5% 1.7% Alcohol Disorder 13.5% Comorbidity 45% 1.1% Drug Disorder 6.1% Comorbidity 72% Regier, 1990 Prevalence and Pattern of COD 7-10 million Americans are affected each year Antisocial personality disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia are most likely to coexist with a substance use disorder Individuals with COD have a high prevalence of trauma histories and related symptoms Individuals with COD are more likely to have cardiovascular disease, cirrhosis, or cancer than someone without such a diagnosis Prevalence and Pattern in Youth Among adolescents entering substance abuse treatment, 62% of males and 83% of females had at least one emotional/behavioral disorder Almost 90% of those with a lifetime co-occurring disorder had at least one mental health disorder prior to the onset of a substance abuse disorder Mental disorder likely to occur in early adolescence, followed by the substance abuse disorder 5-10 years later Multiple Diagnoses Increase Treatment Use seeking of services Likelihood of no services Treatment costs Poor outcome Suicide risk Affective Disorders and SUD 56% of people with Bipolar Disorder have a substance use disorder 32% of people with other affective disorders have a substance use disorder ~20% of youth with depression have history of substance abuse 15 – 75% of patients in substance abuse treatment have affective disorder Use of TCAs and SSRIs show hope for treating affective disorder and reducing alcohol and drug intake Schizophrenia and SUD 47% have substance use disorders Alcohol use may decrease negative symptoms (depression, apathy, anhedonia, passivity and withdrawal) May also decrease positive symptoms of hallucinations and paranoia Schizophrenics often use and abuse stimulants Drug-induced psychosis marked by prominent hallucinations or delusions Anxiety Disorders and SUD 27% have a substance use disorder Anxiety disorders may be treated with TCAs, SSRIs and Benzodiazepines (with caution) Generalized anxiety disorder: Buspirone shown to treat anxiety and reduce alcohol consumption Social anxiety is a big risk factor for alcohol and drug use With PTSD, people will often use drugs or alcohol to sleep and stop recurrent nightmares, or to reduce anxiety Disruptive Disorders and SUD 23% of people with ADHD have a substance use disorder Combination of ADHD and CD place a child at greater risk of substance abuse than either one alone The greater the number of CD symptoms, the more severe the substance abuse is likely to be When CD precedes substance abuse, youth are at highest risk for ongoing delinquency and drug use in adulthood Stimulants are a primary treatment choice but risk of abuse is high Rates of Treatment by Type and Severity Level of the Disorder Level of Mental Disorder Level of Substance Abuse Disorder 12-month substance dependence 12-month substance abuse 12-month serious mental illness 12-month other mental illness Neither MH nor SA 29% 71% MH only 49% 25% SA only 3% 1% Both MH and SA 19% 4% Neither MH nor SA 51% 78% MH only 49% 19% SA only 0% 0% Both MH and SA 0% 3% Type of Treatment COMORBIDITY AMONG AMERICAN INDIANS AND ALASKA NATIVES American Indians Have same disorders as general population Greater prevalence Greater severity Much less access to treatment Cultural relevance more challenging Social context disintegrated Mental Health: Culture, Race and Ethnicity American Indians: Less likely to receive needed mental health services Often receive a poorer quality of mental health care Are underrepresented in mental health research Have more homelessness and incarceration Have more trauma exposure, suicide, homicide Trends among AI/AN Youth Lifetime substance use rates are similar to non-Indian teens, but AI/AN youth are more likely to: Use tobacco, inhalants, alcohol, and marijuana daily Consume alcohol in a binge-drinking style Engage in high risk behaviors and experience harmful consequences AI/AN youth tend to initiate substance use at a younger age Higher rates of polysubstance use Substance use often does not follow the “Gateway” model Highest rates of emotional/behavioral problems and suicide Alcohol and Other Drug Use May cause or mimic psychiatric symptoms May initiate or exacerbate a psychiatric disorder Can mask psychiatric symptoms May last for days to weeks Drug-induced psychiatric symptoms may clear spontaneously Inpatient Psychiatric Care/100,000 National AI/AN Asian Black Hispanic Total 44 99 23 171 63 Male 56 78 13 123 46 Female 32 21 10 48 21 SAMHSA, 2000 Native American Admissions, 1999 Admissions (Thousands) Total Male Female 43.2 28.2 15.0 Primary Substance Alcohol Marijuana Opiates Cocaine Stimulants Other Total (percent) 62.2 65.7 55.6 12.4 13.0 11.4 9.0 8.0 10.8 6.4 5.0 8.9 5.4 4.0 8.2 4.7 4.5 5.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: 1999 SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS). Past Year Illicit Drug Use Total Female Male Total 11.9 9.8 14.1 Native American 19.8 23.3 15.6 Non-Hispanic White 11.8 9.9 13.9 Non-Hispanic Black 13.1 10.2 16.6 Hispanic – Central American 5.7 4.2 7.7 Hispanic – Cuban 8.2 5.5 11.4 12.7 9.2 15.8 Hispanic – Mexican Source: 1999 SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS). Prevalence of Alcohol Dependence Total Female Male Total 3.5 2.1 4.9 Native American 5.6 6.8 4.3 Non-Hispanic White 3.4 2.2 4.8 Non-Hispanic Black 3.4 2.0 5.2 Hispanic – Central American 2.8 0.8 5.4 Hispanic – Cuban 0.9 0.5 1.3 Hispanic – Mexican 5.6 2.6 8.4 Source: 1999 SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS). COMORBIDITY BEST PRACTICES Best Practices “Examples and cases that illustrate the use of community knowledge and science in developing cost effective and sustainable survival strategies to overcome a chronic illness.” - WHO Service Planning Guidelines 1. Dual diagnosis is an expectation, not an exception. Service Planning Guidelines 1. Dual diagnosis is an expectation, not an exception. 2. People with COD can be organized into 4 subgroups for service planning purposes. Co-occurring Disorders by Severity High Severity Low Severity III Less severe mental disorder/ more severe substance abuse disorder IV More severe mental disorder/ more severe substance abuse disorder I Less severe mental disorder/ less severe substance abuse disorder II More severe mental disorder/ less severe substance abuse disorder Mental Illness High Severity Service Planning Guidelines 1. 2. 3. Dual diagnosis is an expectation, not an exception. People with COD can be organized into 4 subgroups for service planning purposes. Treatment success involves formation of empathetic, hopeful, integrated treatment relationships. Service Planning Guidelines Dual diagnosis is an expectation, not an exception. 2. People with COD can be organized into 4 subgroups for service planning purposes. 3. Treatment success involves formation of empathetic, hopeful, integrated treatment relationships. 1. 4. Treatment success is enhanced by providing interventions for both disorders continuously across multiple treatment episodes. Unified Services Plan Case management should address: Mental health Education/vocation Leisure/social Parenting/family Housing Financial Daily living skills Physical health Service Planning Guidelines Dual diagnosis is an expectation, not an exception. 2. People with COD can be organized into 4 subgroups for service planning purposes. 3. Treatment success involves formation of empathetic, hopeful, integrated treatment relationships. 4. Treatment success is enhanced by providing interventions for both disorders continuously across multiple treatment episodes. 1. 5. Integrated dual diagnosis-specific interventions are recommended. Service Planning Guidelines 6. Interventions need to be matched to diagnosis, phase of recovery, stage of treatment, and stage of change. Stages of Change precontemplation relapse contemplation maintenance preparation action Service Planning Guidelines 6. Interventions need to be matched to diagnosis, phase of recovery, stage of treatment, and stage of change. 7. Interventions need to be matched according to level of care and/or service intensity requirements, utilizing well-established level of care assessment methodologies. Service Coordination by Severity High Severity Low Severity III Locus of care: substance abuse system IV Locus of care: state hospitals, jails, prisons, emergency rooms, etc. I Locus of care: primary health care settings II Locus of care: mental health system Mental Illness High Severity Service Planning Guidelines Interventions need to be matched to diagnosis, phase of recovery, stage of treatment, and stage of change. 7. Interventions need to be matched according to level of care and/or service intensity requirements, utilizing well-established level of care assessment methodologies. 6. 8. There is no single correct dual diagnosis intervention or program. Intervention must be individualized. Service Planning Guidelines 6. 7. 8. 9. Interventions need to be matched to diagnosis, phase of recovery, stage of treatment, and stage of change. Interventions need to be matched according to level of care and/or service intensity requirements, utilizing well-established level of care assessment methodologies. There is no single correct dual diagnosis intervention or program. Intervention must be individualized. Outcomes of treatment interventions are similarly individualized. Treatment Models Sequential treatment: First one provider, then the other Parallel treatment: Two separate providers at the same time Integrated treatment: Both services provided by same clinician or group of clinicians Integrated Treatment “Any mechanism by which treatment interventions for co-occurring disorders are combined within the context of a primary treatment relationship or service setting.” -CSAT Effective Interventions for Adults Cognitive/Behavioral Approaches Motivational Interventions Psychopharmacological Interventions Modified Therapeutic Communities Assertive Community Treatment Vocational Services Dual Recovery/Self-Help Programs Consumer Involvement Therapeutic Relationships Effective Interventions for Youth Family Therapy Multisystemic Therapy Case Management Therapeutic Communities Circles of Care NIDA Recommended Approaches Contingency Relapse Management Prevention Therapy Community Reinforcement Approach Motivational Enhancement Therapy BARRIERS TO INTEGRATED TREATMENT Disconnect Between Systems Professionals are undertrained in one of two domains Patients are underdiagnosed Patients are undertreated Neither integrates well with medical and social service Difficulties of Integrated Approach Separate funding streams and coverage gaps Agency turf issues Different treatment philosophies Different training philosophies Lack of resources Poor cross training Consumer and family barriers Agencies Involved in Health Services Indian Health Services Bureau of Indian Affairs Tribal health programs Urban Indian health programs County and state agencies Reasons for lack of partnership Stigma Limited access No critical mass Time Cost Competing priorities Disparate agenda History of unsuccessful collaboration SOLUTIONS Identify Best Practices Best Practice Mainstream Practice Clinical/services Research Traditional Healing World Conference on Science Recommended that scientific and indigenous knowledge be integrated in interdisciplinary projects dealing with culture, environment and chronic illness. - 1999 Partnered Collaboration Grassroots Groups Community-Based Organizations Research-Education-Treatment What makes a partnership work? Trust – do away with stereotypes Real participation at all levels Build in incentives for all stakeholders Education and training of all stakeholders Dissemination of knowledge Enhanced communication Social to scientific interaction Circle of Care Traditional Healers Primary Care A&D Programs Best Practices Prevention Programs Child & Adolescent Programs Boarding Schools Colleges & Universities Emergency Rooms Resources National Clearinghouse of Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI) http://www.health.org National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) http://www.niaaa.nih.gov National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) http://www.nida.nih.gov National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) http://www.nimh.nih.gov Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series (800) 729-6686 Monitoring the Future Study http://www.monitoringthefuture.org For more information, contact: Elizabeth Hawkins, PhD, MPH One Sky National Resource Center 503-494-3703 [email protected] Visit us online at www.oneskycenter.org