Download Respiratory Problems

Respiratory Problems
Diseases and Disorders of the
Respiratory System
The Itis’s
• SINUSITIS:
-infection and inflammation of the sinuses.
-they swell and become blocked
Tonsillitis
-inflammation of the tonsils due to infection
-often seen with strept bacteria
Laryngitis
• Inflammation of the larynx from colds and
upper respiratory infections
• Causes hoarseness or loss of voice
Bronchitis
• Inflammation of the lining of the bronchiole
tubes
– Acute: follows colds or flu when bacteria from
nose and throat invade the trachea and
bronchi
– Chronic: coughing and spitting up mucus lasts
at least 3 months out of the year
• Usually due to smoking
Pleurisy and Tuberculosis
• A. Inflammation of the pleural membrane
• B. Attacks alveoli that will cut off circulation
causing death of the tissue. Poisons and
bacteria spread throughout the body and
can be fatal.
1. Asphyxiation 2.Common Cold
3.Influenza “flu”
• 1. Suffocation due to obstruction of air
passages: no oxygen, inability of blood to
circulate
• 2. Caused by several viruses that break down’s
the body’s immune system- no cure for the
common cold. It runs its course
• 3. Contagious viral disease that begins in the
respiratory tract causing fever, headache,
vomiting and diarrhea
Pneumonia
• Build up of fluid in the bronchioles and
alveoli
– Bacterial: strikes suddenly: can cause death
– Viral: “walking pneumonia”: follows a severe
neglected cold: often goes undetected
Asthma
• Difficulty breathing due to swelling of
mucus membranes in the bronchioles and
muscles spasms in walls of the tubes
• Usually due to allergic reactions, dust,
pollen or a cold, sore throat or bronchitis
• Some attacks can be exercise induced
Medication for Asthma
• Open up or dilate the bronchi and
bronchioles to allow greater airflow
• Puffers: Corticosteroids suppress the
multiple inflammatory genes that are
activated
Cystic Fibrosis
• Normally, mucus is watery. It
keeps the linings of certain
organs moist and prevents
them from drying out or
getting infected. But in CF, an
abnormal gene causes mucus
to become thick and sticky.
• The mucus builds up in your
lungs and blocks the airways.
This makes it easy for
bacteria to grow and leads to
repeated serious lung
infections. Over time, these
infections can cause serious
damage to your lungs.
Causes of CF
• Mutation on
Chromosome 7,
deletion of 3 amino
acids
• Causes abnormal
membrane protein to
develop which does
not allow the passage
of chloride ions across
the membrane
Treatment
• Patient specific depending on age
and severity of disorder
• percussion and postural drainage,
to help loosen the mucus to unclog
the lungs
• pancreatic enzymes, taken with all
meals, to aid digestion
• nutritional supplements and
vitamins to promote good
nutritional status
• inhalation of aerosol medications,
to alleviate congestion and prevent
and treat lung infection
• exercise
SMOKING
Effects of Smoking
• Known to cause:
– Cancer
– COPD
– Asthma
Effects of Smoking
• 3 Problematic Substances:
– Nicotine – addictive, stimulates reward
pathway in the brain
– Carbon Monoxide – hemoglobin has a
greater tendency to bind to carbon
monoxide than oxygen (200 times
stronger bond)
– Tar – accumulates in the alveoli =
prevents gas exchange
Asthma
• A chronic respiratory dieses
characterized by inflammation and
swelling of the bronchi and
bronchioles that obstructs airflow
Asthma
• Inflammation is a protective reaction
designed to eliminate some foreign
substances or infection
• Swelling – more blood to the area
• Production of mucus
• Muscles around the bronchi and
bronchioles contract
– ALL this = reduced air flow
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
• ~90% of COPD caused by smoking
• a chronic, progressive disease that
involves both:
1. Obstructive Bronchitis
• inflammation and mucus (similar to asthma)
2. Emphysema
• Causes permanent damage to the alveoli,
they loose elasticity and shape = decrease
surface area for gas exchange
NO CURE – Damage to alveoli is permanent
Bronchitis
• Bacterial or viral infections as well as reactions to
environmental chemicals can cause a variety of
ailments characterized by a narrowing of air
passages.
• It is characterized by an inflammation of the mucous
lining of the bronchial tubes.
• The excess production of mucus leads to
inflammation and tissue swelling, a narrowing of the
air passages, and decreased air movement through
the bronchi.
Bronchitis
 The condition becomes
more serious in the
bronchioles which are not
supported by rings of
cartilage that help keep
them open.
 Two conditions, bronchial
asthma and emphysema,
are associated with
inflammation of the
bronchioles.
 In both conditions, greater
effort is required to exhale
than to inhale.
 This occurs because lower
pressure is produced in the
lungs and bronchioles
during inspiration.
Emphysema
• Progressive, chronic disease seen in
middle aged and older due to heavy
smoking. Alveoli expand and burst or
“pop” causing permanent damage that
reduces the amount of O2 the body can
take in.
Lung Cancer
 More Canadian men and
women die from lung
cancer than from any other
form of cancer.
 There is uncontrolled
growth of cells and the
solid mass of cancer cells
in the lungs greatly
decreases the surface area
for diffusion.
 Tumours may actually
block bronchioles, reducing
airflow to the lungs and
potentially causing the
lungs to collapse.
Treatment
•
•
•
•
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Prevention: no smoking, avoid second-hand
smoke, avoid carcinogens
Lung Cancer
• Most common cause of death from cancer.
• Three quarter of lung cancer is from
smoking
• This causes a chronic, painful cough,
bloody mucus, fatige and weightloss.
Respiratory Wrap Up
•
•
•
•
Do Not Smoke!
Do Not Smoke!
Do Not Smoke!
Did I mention…DO NOT SMOKE!!
Instead….
• EXERCISE!!
• EAT A BALANCED DIET!
• SLEEP!
• …you’ll feel GREAT!