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Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Chapter 17 The Heart Myocardium: Heart muscle cells Atrium: Upper chambers of the heart, left and right Ventricles: Lower chambers of the heart, left and right Septum: Divides heart into two halves The Heart Pacemaker: Controls the rate at which your heart beats (muscle contracts). The Path of Blood 1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium. 2. Blood is then pumped to the right ventricle. 3. Blood is then pumped to the lungs to get oxygen. 4. Oxygenated blood goes to the left atrium from the lungs. The Path of Blood 5. Blood is then pumped to the left ventricle. 6. Blood then goes out to the body tissue in need of oxygenated blood. THE HEART Supporting Videos ECG (EKG): http://video.about.com/heartdisease /Electrocardiogram.htm How the Heart Works: http://video.about.com/heartdisease /How-the-Heart-Functions.htm The Physiology of Blood Plasma: 55% of total blood volume, made up of 92% water . Carries the proteins, salts, chemicals, red and white blood cells. Red Blood Cells: Oxygen carrying cells in blood Hemoglobin: The oxygen carrying part of the RBC The Physiology of Blood White Blood Cells: Larger than RBC, but fewer in number. Used to fight infection. WBC increases when an infection is being fought. Blood Platelets: Smallest blood cell, preventing loss of blood by its clotting factor. These begin the process of scab formation. Blood Vessels Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (LV) Capillaries: Small vessels that carry blood to smaller blood vessels and tissues. Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (RA) Lymphatic System Drains tissue fluid into the bloodstream and helps fight infection. Lymph: Fluid transported in lymphatic system (proteins, fats, WBC) Lymphocytes: WBC that protect body against pathogens Lymph Nodes: Swell when body is fighting infection Types of WBC B Cells: produce antibodies Helper T: release toxins to destroy pathogens Killer T: Aid the B and Helper T cells and control other immune system response Blood Pressure Systolic: Ventricular Contraction Diastolic: Ventricular Relaxation The best way to improve BP is aerobic exercise and diet. Sodium is the #1 dietary cause of High BP. Medication should be a last option. Heart Problems Congenital: Created from birth Heart Murmur: Regurgitation of blood flowing back through valve not completely sealed. Varicose Veins: Swollen, enlarged veins caused by pooling blood. Standing a lot can lead to varicose veins. Supporting Videos Thrombosis: http://video.about.com/cholesterol/T hrombosis.htm Heart Attack: http://video.about.com/heartdisease /Heart-Attack.htm Diseases of the Blood Anemia: hemoglobin levels in blood abnormally low, often giving a yellowish skin. Leukemia: cancer of the WBC in the bone marrow. Can be treated with a transplant. Hemophilia: deficiency of blood protein causing blood not to clot. It is genetic. Lymphatic Problems Immune Deficiency: the bodies inability to fight disease effectively. Can be congenital, inherited or acquired disease. Hodgkin’s Disease: Cancer of the lymphatic system, can be treated with radiation. Tonsillitis: tonsils become infected and swollen. The Respiratory System The Lung = Tree Analogy The Lung = Tree Analogy Trachea = Tree Trunk Bronchi (plural for Bronchus) = Large branches off tree trunk Bronchioles = Twig branches Alveoli = Leaves = the point of chemical exchange for both human and tree Respiratory System Respiration: exchange of gases between body and environment Diaphragm: muscle which causes you to breathe What other muscles help us breathe, specifically during exercise? Anatomy of the Lungs Lobes: large section containing bronchioles and alveoli Bronchioles: tubes that leading from bronchus to alveoli Alveoli: small sacs that allow CO2 and O2 to be exchanged Pharynx: your throat Trachea: wind pipe Bronchi: airways connecting trachea to the lungs Anatomy of the Lungs Larynx: voice box Supporting Videos How Lungs Work: http://video.about.com/asthma/How -Lungs-Function.htm Lung Conditions Bronchitis: inflammation oft eh bronchioles Asthma: a narrowing of the bronchioles, several causes Pneumonia: inflammation of different parts of the lung, viral and bacterial causes, making breathing uncomfortable Tuberculosis: infectious bacterial disease of the lungs (highly contagious) Lung Conditions Emphysema: common among chronic smokers. Alveoli burst forming fewer and larger sacs with less surface area, which limits gas exchange and causes labored breathing. Sinusitis: inflammation of the membrane lining the facial sinuses. Supporting Videos Bronchitis: http://video.about.com/asthma/Bron chitis.htm Bronchodilators: http://video.about.com/asthma/Bron chodilators.htm Asthma: http://video.about.com/asthma/Asth ma.htm
