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UOI Independent Research Home Work Celestial Body definition: natural objects visible in the sky http://www.thefreedictionary.com/celestial+body http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/celestial_object Indentify Some Celestial Bodies/Object Moon Sun Planets Star (Earth itself is not included) Describe characteristics of each celestial object completely: (name, position in the solar system, mass, gravity, orbit, rotation on it’s axis, temperature, satellites/moons, composition, atmosphere) Planets: Mercury: 57.9 million km from the sun Mass: 328.5E21 kg (0.055 Earth mass) The day is 1.999 times as long as a single year Read more: http://www.universetoday.com/14008/rotation-ofmercury/#ixzz2c2s0nQ1O Mercury's surface experiences the greatest temperature variation of all the planets, ranging from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to 700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day at some equatorial regions. No moons http://www.universetoday.com/13992/composition-ofmercury/ Mercury has a very tenuous and highly variable atmosphere (surface-bound exosphere) containing hydrogen, helium, oxygen, sodium, calcium, potassium and water vapor. n Sun o Sun’s position in the solar system: Sun o sun’s mass: 1.989E30 kg o Gravity: o Rotation on it's axis: Sun rotates once every 27 days at the equator, but only once in 31 days at the poles. o Temperature: 5,778 K o Composition: Venus: o o o o o o Position in the solar system: 57.9 million km far from the sun. Mass: 4.867E24 kg (0.815 Earth mass) Gravity: 8.87 m/s² Venus, Gravity Orbit: 225 days (orbital period) Rotation on it’s axis: Venus, on the other hand, takes 243 days to turn once on its axis Read more: http://www.universetoday.com/36687/rotation-of-venus/#ixzz2cHaIsYBb Temperature: the average temperature of Venus is 460 degrees Celsius Read more: http://www.universetoday.com/14306/temperature-of-venus/#ixzz2cCjSDMc0 No moons o Composition: o Mars: o o o Atmosphere: o Position in the solar system: 227.8 million km away from the sun. Mass: 639E21 kg (0.107 Earth mass) Gravity: 3.711 m/s² o o o o o o Jupiter o o o o o o o o o Saturn o o o o o o o o o Uranus o o o o o o Orbit: 687 days (orbital period) Rotation on it’s axis: On Mars it takes 686.98 days (Earth days) http://www.windows2universe.org/kids_space/period.html Temperature: On average, the temperature on Mars is about minus 80 degrees F (minus 60 degrees C). In winter, near the poles temperatures can get down to minus 195 degrees F (minus 125 degrees C). A summer day on Mars may get up to 70 degrees F (20 degrees C) near the equator, but at night the temperature can plummet to about minus 100 degrees F (minus 73 C). http://www.space.com/16907-what-is-the-temperature-of-mars.html 2 Moons Composition: Atmosphere: The atmosphere of Venus is composed of about 96% carbon dioxide, with most of the remainder being nitrogen. http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/venus/atmosphere.html Position in the solar system: 778 million km away from the sun. Mass: 1.898E27 kg (317.8 Earth mass) Gravity: 24.79 m/s² Orbit: 12 years (orbital period) Rotation on it’s axis: Jupiter has the fastest rotation of all the planets in the Solar System, completing one rotation on its axis every 9.9 hours. Read more: http://www.universetoday.com/23914/rotation-of-jupiter/#ixzz2cHe9w8ZK Temperature: at the upper edge of the cloud cover, the temperature is thought to be -145 degrees C. Read more: http://www.universetoday.com/15097/temperature-of-jupiter/#ixzz2cHijlYKP At least 16 moons Composition: Jupiter is a ball of almost entirely hydrogen and helium. Read more: http://www.universetoday.com/23914/rotation-of-jupiter/#ixzz2cHdRkTLq Atmosphere: It is mostly made of molecular hydrogen and helium in roughly solar proportions; other chemical compounds are present only in small amounts and include methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and water. Position in the solar system: 1,427 million km away from the sun. Mass: 568.3E24 kg (95.16 Earth mass) Gravity: 10.44 m/s² Orbit: 29 years Rotation on it’s axis: 10.7 hours Temperature: average temperature of minus 288 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 178 degrees Celsius) http://www.space.com/18473-saturn-temperature.html Moon: at least 17 moons Composition: Saturn is predominantly composed of hydrogen and helium, the two basic gases of the universe. The planet also bears traces of ices containing ammonia, methane, and water. Atmosphere: Like the rest of the planet, the atmosphere of Saturn is made up approximately 75% hydrogen and 25% helium, with trace amounts of other substances like water ice and methane. Read more: http://www.universetoday.com/24029/atmosphere-ofsaturn/#ixzz2cJLqeAAB Position in the solar system: 2,870 million km away from the sun. Mass: 86.81E24 kg (14.54 Earth mass) Gravity: 8.69 m/s² Orbit: 84 years Rotation on it’s axis: 17 hours Temperature: The average temperature of the cloud tops on Uranus is 49 K (?224 °C). o Read more: http://www.universetoday.com/19282/temperature-of-uranus/#ixzz2cIZX8Lrf Moon: at least 15 moons Composition: Atmosphere: Uranus (and Neptune) have different atmospheres from the larger Jupiter and Saturn. Although their atmospheres are mostly hydrogen and helium, they have a higher proportion of ices, like water, ammonia and methane. This is why astronomers call Uranus and Neptune “ice giants”. Read more: http://www.universetoday.com/18859/atmosphere-of-uranus/#ixzz2cJSXPrCm Neptune o Position in the solar system: 5,900 million km away from the sun. o Mass: 102.4E24 kg (17.15 Earth mass) o Gravity: 11.15 m/s² o Orbit: 165 years o Rotation on it’s axis: 16 hours o Temperature: o Moon: 8 moons. o o o o o Moon o o o o o o o o Composition: Atmosphere: Uranus (and Neptune) have different atmospheres from the larger Jupiter and Saturn. Although their atmospheres are mostly hydrogen and helium, they have a higher proportion of ices, like water, ammonia and methane. This is why astronomers call Uranus and Neptune “ice giants”. Read more: http://www.universetoday.com/18859/atmosphere-of-uranus/#ixzz2cJSXPrCm Position in solar system: one orbiting earth, two orbiting mars, at least 16 orbiting Jupiter, at least 17 orbiting Saturn, at least 15 orbiting Uranus, 8 orbiting Neptune. Mass of the moon: 7.34767309 × 1022 kilograms Moon Gravity: 1.622 m/s² Moon orbital period: 27 days Rotation on it’s axis: In fact, as the Moon travels around the Earth in a counter-clockwise orbit every 27.5 days, it also completes one full rotation on its axis – also moving in a counter-clockwise direction. Temperature: When sunlight hits the moon's surface, the temperature can reach 253 degrees F (123 C). The "dark side of the moon" can have temperatures dipping to minus 243 F (minus 153 C). Composition: Atmosphere: One source of the lunar atmosphere is outgassing: the release of gases such as radon and helium resulting from radioactive decay within the crust and mantle.