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Vergil’s World, p. 1-13 Background of the Aeneid Brief History • 753 BC: Founding of Rome – Monarchy with 7 Kings • 509 BC: Republic • 27 BC: Empire *This transition from Republic to Empire is when the Aeneid was written, NOT when it takes place #1) The First Triumvirate • Members: Caesar (broker) and Pompey & Crassus (power) • Established in 60 B.C. • This joining together of three men to form a control was created because each person wanted power and something individually • Its ineffectiveness was a result of Caesar’s seizing control for himself Timeline • • • • • • 60 BC: Formation of 1st Triumvirate 59 BC: Caesar & Bibulus (consuls) 58 BC: Caesar went to Gaul 55 BC: Pompey & Crassus are consuls 54 BC: Julia dies 53-52 BC: Rioting in Rome; burning the Senate house • 49 BC: Caesar crossed the Rubicon and violated the pomerium • 44 BC: Caesar declared dictator for life #2) Assassination of Julius Caesar • Events leading up to the assassination… – Used Imperator as his name and the name of all his heirs – Wore purple - color from the King period – Carried in a golden sedan chair – Put up statues of himself – Named a month after himself: July – Had Mark Anthony try to put a crown on his head – Required magistrates to swear to protect the person of J. Caesar and his acta – Put up a temple to his “genius” (deification) #2) Assassination of Julius Caesar • Motivation of the conspirators: – Republicans: felt they owed loyalty to the Republic and the Senate – Jealous Men: wanted Caesar gone – Hangers-On: loved the excitement of the moment #2) Assassination of Julius Caesar • Results… – Confusion: the Senate did not reassert itself – Caesar’s party flourished after his death due to support from devoted officers, loyal veterans, and the city populace • Led by Mark Anthony and Lepidus Death of Caesar QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. #3) Caesar’s Will • Mark Anthony: – Took possession of Caesar’s papers and expressed rage at the murder – Goes to Egypt: awaits the appointment as heir in Caesar’s will • Lepidus: – Forced to Spain (concentrated the military power) and acquired Gaul • Octavian (18 yrs old in 44 BC) – Named heir in the will (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus) – Stayed in Rome, raised an army, cooperated with the Senate – Cicero’s Philippic Orations in favor of Octavian Mark Antony QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. #4) 2nd Triumvirate • Members: Octavian, Lepidus, and Mark Anthony • 42 BC: Octavian marches on Rome, made consul, created Triumvirate, enforced a proscription list (Cicero) *PURPOSE: Create a Caesarian Party • 42 BC: Triumvirate battles J. Caesar’s conspirators (Brutus and Cassius) at the Battle of Phillipi (Brutus and Cassius commit suicide) #4) 2nd Triumvirate • 40 BC: – Anthony - eastern provinces with Cleopatra – Octavian - western provinces in Rome – Lepidus - given promises of provinces • 38 BC: Anthony marries Octavia #5) 2nd Triumvirate (37-33 BCE) • Breach between members widens – A) Octavian has Agrippa as his master general, Maecenas as his administrator – B) Hellenistic movement to give Eastern provinces to Cleopatra in Alexandria – C) Lepidus retired – D) Pompey killed #6) Battle of Actium • Leading up to the battle: – Oriental propaganda in Rome v. Anthony and Cleopatra in Egypt – 14 years of Civil War since Caesar’s murder • Battle: 31 BC – Octavian DEFEATS Mark Anthony and Cleopatra in a naval battle – Brings end to Civil War Battle of Actium QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. #6) Aftermath of Battle of Actium • 29 BC: Octavian celebrates victory triumphs and parade • 28 BC: Octavian and Agrippa were censors and purged Senate of all Caesar’s party members ONE MAN RULE OF OCTAVIAN WAS CREATED #7) Honors from the Senate • • • • Triumph (highest honor) Granted title of Augustus Protected by guards Carried in the curule chair - symbol of consulship • Civic crown of oak leaves • Month “Sextilis” renamed Augustus Rule of Augustus: Pater Patriae • Governmental reforms were concealed in the traditional form of the Republic – – – – Closed the doors of Janus Institutions retained Soldiers demobilized No Senator could leave town without the permission of the Princeps, the senior senator – Pontifex Maximus gave him control of religion #8) Augustus • “Revered One” or “Honored One” – Tiberius - step son – Marcellus - nephew * Both took this name too • POWER: Army and Finances – Controlled the legal system with these #10) mores majorum • Manners or customs of one’s ancestors – – – – STABILITY Promote Romanization Restore the former moral values Bring back personal responsibility (esp. for leaders) – Revert back to the worship of ancient gods THESE SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORMS WOULD SUPPORT THE POLITICAL GOALS OF AUGUSTUS #13) CIVIL REFORMS • Imperial Civil Service – Aqueducts, temples, highways • Fire Service • Police Service #13) RELIGIOUS REFORMS • Restore past in ethics and religion • State Worship: holidays, ceremonies, festivals, religious rites, sacrifices (i.e. Troy Games) • mores majorum • Worship Genius Augusti • Romanitas-Rome’s function in history as a stabilizing political and moral force *PIETAS: Proper subordination to the GODS, STATE, HOUSEHOLD #13) LAW REFORMS • Changed law • Increased “personal responsibility” • Made people feel safe, organized, and STABLE #13) LITERATURE AND ART REFORMS • Produced themes to inspire and conditions for writers – “Golden Age” of writing: writing was a profession (patrons) • Themes: grandeur of the Roman past, religious and social revival, glorious destiny of the empire • Produced art to dazzle Romans – Painters, portraits, busts, statues – Ara Pacis #11) Other Authors • • • • • • Ovid Catullus Horace Propertius Tibullus Livy: History of Rome #12) Ara Pacis • Altar to Pax Romana • VISUAL monument (illiterate) • Epic art - tells a story/history of Rome • Culminates in Augustus RULE OF AUGUSTUS • Achievements – Established a system of government for the Roman Empire which lasted 5 centuries (476AD) – Peace – Consolidation of the Roman Empire • Weaknesses – Ruthlessness – Military control-use army to make or unmake leaders – Wealthy minority benefit from improved conditions while the gov. expenses hurt the poor) – People only looked to Augustus for rewards and advancement