Download Focusing on the Main Ideas

Rome’s Beginnings
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Geography played an important role in
the rise of Roman civilization.
• The Romans created a republic and
conquered Italy. By treating people
fairly, they built Rome from a small city
into a great power.
Rome’s Beginnings
The Origins of Rome
• Italy is a boot-shaped country in the
Mediterranean.
• The toe of the boot points toward the
island of Sicily.
• The Alps are mountains at Italy’s
northern border, and the Apennines is a
mountain range that extends through
Italy from north to south.
• Italy’s terrain was easier to farm than
the terrain of Greece, so Italy could
support more people.
(pages 263–265)
Rome’s Beginnings
The Origins of Rome (cont.)
• The Latins built the city of Rome on the
plain of Latium.
• Rome was located in central Italy on the
Tiber River.
• Two stories tell about Rome’s
beginning: the legend of Remus and
Romulus and the tale of Aeneas and his
Trojan followers.
(pages 263–265)
Rome’s Beginnings
The Origins of Rome (cont.)
• The Greeks and the Etruscans
influenced the Roman way of life.
• The Etruscans were skilled metal workers
who helped shape Roman civilization.
• The Etruscan army was the
model for the Roman army.
(pages 263–265)
Rome’s Beginnings
The Birth of a Republic
• The Tarquins were leaders of the
Etruscan-ruled Rome.
• After 100 years under the Tarquins, the
Romans rebelled against Etruscan
rulers.
• The Romans established a republic.
• In a republic, the leader is not a king or
queen but someone voted into office by
citizens.
(pages 265–267)
Rome’s Beginnings
The Birth of a Republic (cont.)
• Rome had a large,
powerful army made
up of excellent,
disciplined soldiers.
• Roads connected all
of Rome’s military
settlements.
(pages 265–267)
Rome’s Beginnings
The Birth of a Republic (cont.)
• The Roman Confederation gave full
citizenship to some people, who could
vote and serve in government.
• Romans gave others
the status of allies,
which meant they
could rule their own
local affairs.
(pages 265–267)
The Roman Republic
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Rome’s republic was shaped by a
struggle between wealthy landowners
and regular citizens as it gradually
expanded the right to vote.
• Rome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian
Empire and took control of the entire
Mediterranean region.
The Roman Republic
Rome’s Government
• Patricians and plebeians were the two
classes of people in Rome.
• Top government officials were called
consuls.
• Another important group of officials
were the praetors.
• The Senate was the most important
lawmaking body.
(pages 269–273)
The Roman Republic
Rome’s Government (cont.)
• Another important legislative body was
the Assembly of Centuries.
• Plebeians challenged the class system
by going on strike.
• The Romans then allowed the plebeians
to set up their own legislative group
called the Council of the Plebes.
• Today, a dictator is an oppressive ruler.
(pages 269–273)
The Roman Republic
Rome’s Government (cont.)
• In the Roman Republic, a dictator was a
person who served the people and ruled
temporarily during emergencies.
• Cincinnatus, the best-known early
Roman dictator, led an army of men to
defeat a powerful enemy.
• The Twelve Tables were Rome’s first
code of laws.
• They were the basis of all future Roman
laws.
(pages 269–273)
The Roman Republic
Rome’s Government (cont.)
• The Law of Nations was created to
address issues of conquered peoples.
• The rule of law is the idea that laws
should apply to everyone equally.
(pages 269–273)
The Roman Republic
Rome Expands
• Carthage, a state on the coast of North
Africa, was a powerful enemy of Rome.
• The First Punic War began as a dispute
between Rome and Carthage over the
island of Sicily.
• The war continued for 20 years before
Rome won.
• The Second Punic War began after
Carthage expanded into Spain.
(pages 274–276)
The Roman Republic
Rome Expands (cont.)
• Rome helped the people of Spain rebel.
• Hannibal was a great Carthaginian
general who fought in the Second Punic
War.
• At the Battle of Cannae, Hannibal’s
forces overpowered the Romans.
• The Roman general Scipio led his
forces to defeat the Carthaginians at the
Battle of Zama.
(pages 274–276)
The Roman Republic
Rome Expands (cont.)
• Rome destroyed Carthage in the Third
Punic War.
• Rome also took
all of Greece
and Macedonia
and parts of
Africa during
the Punic Wars.
(pages 274–276)
The Fall of the Republic
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• The use of enslaved labor hurt farmers,
increased poverty and corruption, and
brought the army into politics.
• Military hero Julius Caesar seized
power and made reforms.
• The Roman Republic, weakened by civil
wars, became an empire under
Augustus.
The Fall of the Republic
Trouble in the Republic
• The gap between the rich patricians and
the poor plebeians grew, and farmers
especially suffered.
• Latifunda were large farming estates
created when wealthy Romans bought
small farms.
• Farmers
whose land
had been
bought
traveled to
cities to try to find jobs.
(pages 278–279)
The Fall of the Republic
Trouble in the Republic (cont.)
• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
were two wealthy brothers who
tried to reform government.
They were killed.
• Marius, a former military leader,
was appointed counsel and promised
land to poor men if they became soldiers.
• Sulla drove Marius out of Rome,
declared himself dictator, and spent three
years reforming government before
resigning from office.
(pages 278–279)
The Fall of the Republic
Julius Caesar
• A triumvirate is a political alliance of
three people.
• Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey
formed a triumvirate after Sulla left
office.
(pages 280–281)
The Fall of the Republic
Julius Caesar (cont.)
• Julius Caesar marched on Rome and
defeated Pompey’s forces after Crassus
died in battle.
• Caesar declared himself dictator of
Rome for life and made many changes
to Rome.
• The Julian calendar was created during
Caesar’s rule.
(pages 280–281)
The Fall of the Republic
Julius Caesar (cont.)
• This calendar was changed slightly in
A.D. 1582, but is basically still in use
today.
• Caesar had many enemies as well as
supporters.
• His enemies plotted to kill him and
succeeded on March 15, called the
“Ides of March.”
(pages 280–281)
The Fall of the Republic
Rome Becomes an Empire
• Octavian was Caesar’s grandnephew,
who had inherited Caesar’s wealth.
• Antony and Lepidus were two of
Caesar’s top generals.
• Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed
the Second Triumvirate, although the
triumvirate began to quarrel
immediately.
• Antony fell in love with Cleopatra VII
and formed an alliance with her.
(pages 282–283)
The Fall of the Republic
Rome Becomes an Empire (cont.)
• Octavian declared war on Antony to
keep him from taking over the republic.
• Octavian defeated Antony and
Cleopatra’s forces at the Battle of
Actium.
(pages 282–283)
The Fall of the Republic
Rome Becomes an Empire (cont.)
• Cicero was a political leader, writer,
and public speaker who favored
representative government and
supported Octavian.
• Octavian restored the republic with
some reforms and took the title
Augustus, meaning “revered one.”
• This began the Roman Empire.
(pages 282–283)
The Early Empire
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• By expanding the empire and
reorganizing the military and
government, Augustus created
a new era of prosperity.
• Rome’s system of roads, aqueducts,
ports, and common currency made the
empire rich and prosperous.
The Early Empire
The Emperor Augustus
• The Pax Romana is the long era of
peace that began with Augustus.
• Augustus built a permanent,
professional army and created a special
guard called the Praetorian Guard, who
guarded him.
• Augustus restored Rome’s splendor
and fed the hungry poor of Rome with
imported grain.
(pages 287–288)
The Early Empire
The Emperor Augustus (cont.)
• Augustus appointed a proconsul, or
governor, for each province, replacing
politicians appointed by the Senate.
• Augustus reformed the tax system by
making tax collectors permanent
workers, and he reformed the legal
system by creating a set of laws for
people who were not citizens.
• The Julio-Claudian emperors were the
rulers who followed Augustus: Tiberius,
Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. (pages 287–288)
The Early Empire
The Emperor Augustus (cont.)
• Caligula and Nero were cruel leaders,
and Tiberius and Claudius were
competent rulers.
(pages 287–288)
The Early Empire
Unity and Prosperity
• Vespasian restored order to Rome after
the chaos following Nero’s death.
• The Jewish temple in Jerusalem was
destroyed by Vespasian’s armies in the
effort to put down a Jewish rebellion.
• Mount Vesuvius erupted and destroyed
the city of Pompeii in A.D. 79.
• The rulers known as the good emperors
were Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus
Pius, and Marcus Aurelius.
(pages 290–294)
The Early Empire
Unity and Prosperity (cont.)
• The Roman Empire flourished under
their rule.
• Aqueducts are human-made water
channels for carrying water long
distances.
• They were created during the prosperous
times of the good emperors.
• The Roman Empire became one of the
largest empires in history during the
reign of the good emperors. (pages 290–294)
The Early Empire
Unity and Prosperity (cont.)
• The different people of the Roman
Empire were united by Roman law,
Roman rule, and their shared identity as
Romans.
• Most people were farmers who grew
olives, grapes, and grain.
• Other people were artisans who traded
with others inside and outside the Roman
Empire.
(pages 290–294)
The Early Empire
Unity and Prosperity (cont.)
• Roads and currency—a system of
money—were important to the
prosperous trade that developed.
• A gap existed between rich merchants,
shopkeepers, and skilled workers and
poor farmers and city dwellers.
(pages 290–294)
The Rise of Rome
Section 1: Rome’s Beginnings
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Geography played an important role in
the rise of Roman civilization.
• The Romans created a republic and
conquered Italy. By treating people
fairly, they built Rome from a small city
into a great power.
The Rise of Rome
Section 2: The Roman Republic
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Rome’s republic was shaped by a
struggle between wealthy landowners
and regular citizens as it gradually
expanded the right to vote.
• Rome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian
Empire and took control of the entire
Mediterranean region.
The Rise of Rome
Section 3: The Fall of the Republic
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• The use of enslaved labor hurt farmers,
increased poverty and corruption, and
brought the army into politics.
• Military hero Julius Caesar seized power
and made reforms.
• The Roman Republic, weakened by civil
wars, became an empire under
Augustus.
The Rise of Rome
Section 4: The Early Empire
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• By expanding the empire and
reorganizing the military and
government, Augustus created a new era
of prosperity.
• Rome’s system of roads, aqueducts,
ports, and common currency made the
empire rich and prosperous.
The Rise of Rome
Review Vocabulary
Define Match the vocabulary words with the definitions.
__
D 1. A ___ is a form of
government in which the
citizens choose their
leader.
__
B 2. ___ included artisans
and shopkeepers.
__
C 3. The judge in a Roman
court case was a ___ .
__
A 4. In early Rome, the role
of ___ lasted only until a
crisis had passed.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
dictator
plebeians
praetor
republic
latifundia
aqueduct
The Rise of Rome
Review Vocabulary
Define Match the vocabulary words with the definitions.
__
E 5. Large farming estates
that used enslaved
people to tend crops
were called ___ .
__
F 6. A(n) ___ was a humanmade channel for
carrying water.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
dictator
plebeians
praetor
republic
latifundia
aqueduct
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