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Chapter 5 Sections 1 and 2 Outlines
Chapter 5 Sec. 1: Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea (pgs. 111-114)
1) Geography Shapes Greek Life
- Greece was a mountainous peninsula sticking out into the ____________________ Sea.
- It also included _________ islands in the Aegean and Ionian Seas.
a) The Sea
i) What three seas were important transportation routes for the Greek people?
ii) Sea travel was important because Greece was poor in _________ ____________ and lacked
timber, precious metals, and ________ ____________.
b) The Land
i) Rugged mountains covered _________________ of ancient Greece and divided the land into a
number of different regions.
ii) These mountains made it very difficult to unite the Greeks under a __________ government,
instead they developed small, independent communities.
iii) The mountains also made travel by ________ difficult and most roads were ______ ________.
iv) Only ___________ percent was arable, or suitable for farming, so Greece could not support a
large population.
v) Greeks based their diet on basic staple crops like grains, grapes, and olives.
vi) Greeks may have been motivated to seek new sites for _______________ because of a desire for
more living space, grassland for raising livestock, and adequate farmland.
c) The Climate
i) What are typical temperatures for Greece in the summer and winter?
ii) What did these moderate temperatures support?
iii) Greeks met often to discuss public issues, exchange news, and take an active part in civic life.
2) Mycenaean Civilization Develops
- _____________________ who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.E. were later
called the Mycenaeans, after their major city Mycenae.
- Dominating warrior-kings ruled over their communities from fortified cities.
a) Culture and Trade
i) Nobles enjoyed feasts in great halls and used ________ pitchers and ________ cups.
ii) How did warrior-kings win their enormous wealth?
iii) What professions were the common people?
iv) Mycenaeans invaded ___________ and overtook the Minoans, but preserved their culture by
making it part of their own lives.
v) What two ways did Minoans most influence the Mycenaeans?
b) The Trojan War
i) About 1200 B.C.E., the Mycenaeans fought a _____-year war with the independent city of Troy.
ii) What is the legend behind the cause of the Trojan War?
3) Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians
- around 1200 B.C.E., sea raiders attacked and destroyed the Mycenaeans and the Dorians moved
in to the countryside.
- The Dorians were less advanced and central economy collapsed as well as trade. Greeks also
temporarily forgot the art of ______________.
a) Epics of Homer
i) Homer was blind man who is known as Greece’s ______________ _________________.
ii) He wrote his epics, narrative poems celebrating ___________ _______, from 750 to 700 B.C.E.
iii) The Trojan War is the scene for his greatest epics, The Iliad and The Odyssey.
b) Greeks Create Myths
i) The Greeks developed a rich set of myths, or traditional stories, about their gods.
ii) Why did Greeks seek to understand through their myths?
iii) Greeks gave human qualities, such as ______, ________, and _____________, to their gods.
Chapter 5 Sec. 2: Warring City-States (pgs. 115-119)
1) Rule and Order in Greek City-States
- by 750 B.C.E., the polis, or ______________, was the fundamental political unit in Greece and
was made up of a city and its surrounding countryside
- Male citizens would gather at the public center, or on a fortified hilltop called the acropolis.
a) Greek Political Structures
A king or monarch rules.
A government ruled by a small group of noble, land-owning families.
A government ruled by a few powerful people.
- Greeks looked down on non-Greek foreigners because they saw them as ________________.
b) A New Kind of Army Emerges
i) During the Dorian Age, only the rich could afford what?
ii) Because of a shift from bronze to iron weapons, __________ were excepted to defend their polis.
iii) The ___________ was a fierce formation of soldiers side-by-side holding a shield and a spear.
c) Tyrants Seize Power
i) Powerful individuals, called tyrants, gained control of the government by appealing to the
_______ and the ________________ for support.
ii) Some city-states passed rule from one tyrant to another, while others reorganized.
2) Sparta Builds a Military State
- located in the southern part of Greece, known as the _____________________.
- unlike other city-states, Sparta built a _____________ state.
a) Sparta Dominates Messenians
i) Sparta conquered neighboring _______________ in 725 B.C.E.
ii) The Messenians became helots, peasants forced to stay on the land they worked.
iii) Each year, _________ of the yearly crop was demanded by the Spartans.
iv) In 600 B.C.E., the Messenians revolted. They were stopped by the Spartans who then dedicated
themselves to building a strong, militaristic city-state.
b) Sparta’s Government and Society
i) What three groups governed Sparta?
a. An assembly, composed of all ______________, elected officials and voted on major issues
b. The Council of Elders, who proposed laws and five elected officials, ________, who carried
out the laws the council passed. They also oversaw education and prosecuted court cases.
c. Also, ________ ________ ruled over Sparta’s military.
ii) The first social group were citizens descended from original inhabitants of the area, including
the ruling families who owned the land.
iii) The second group were non-citizens that were free and worked in commerce and industry.
iv) The helots were the third group, and were treated as barely more than ____________.
c) Spartan Education
i) What was training like for males in Spartan society?
ii) What about girls and women?
iii) All forms of individual expression were discouraged and Spartans did not value the ________.
iv) Spartans valued duty, __________, and discipline over individuality, beauty, and ___________.
3) Athens Builds a Limited Democracy
- Athens lay north of Sparta on a rocky hill in eastern Greece.
- Athenians were always eager to learn new ideas because they had been educated to think and
act as ______ ____________.
a) Political Developments in Athens
i) Athenian reformers tried to create democracy, rule by the people, to avoid civil war.
ii) All citizens, free adult males, participated directly in political decision making.
iii) What role did slaves play in Athens?
iv) What did women in Athens focus on?
b) Solon’s Political and Economic Reforms
i) In 621 B.C.E., _________ made the first legal code, dealing mainly with contracts and property
ownership. He also included debt slavery, where small farmers worked as slaves to repay debts.
ii) To stop civil war between aristocrats and peasants, Solon was elected to head the government.
iii) What major reforms did Solon make?
iv) However, Solon neglected land reforms and fighting broke out between landowners and farmers.
c) Reforms of Cleisthenes
i) In 508 B.C.E., Cleisthenes made Athens a full _________________ by allowing citizens to
submit laws for debate and passage.
ii) He also created the Council of ______ ______________, which proposed laws and counseled
the assembly and members were chosen at random.
iii) However, only _____________ of Athenian residents were considered citizens.
4) The Persian Wars
a) Battle at Marathon
i) The Persian Wars, between Greece and the Persian Empire, began in _________ on the coast
of Anatolia.
ii) The Persians conquered the area and Athens sent ships and soldiers to help Ionian Greeks.
iii) In 490 B.C.E., Persians landed northeast of Athens on a plain called _________________.
iv) The outnumbered Athenians defeated the Persians who lacked training and had light armor.
v) Pheidippides raced back to tell Athenians of the victory so they wouldn’t give up the city
without a fight. He delivered his message, ______________, and _________.
b) Thermopylae and Salamis
i) Ten years later, the Persian leader _____________ tried to crush Greece.
ii) This time, Greeks were badly divided and the Persians easily marched down the eastern coast of
Greece.
iii) What happened at Thermopylae?
iv) In a narrow channel near Salamis, Greek ships were able to drive their _____________ ______
through Persian ships and sank more than one-third of the fleet.
v) The Spartans defeated the rest of the Persians at a third battle in ____________ in 479 B.C.E.
c) Consequences of the Persian Wars
i) After the Persian threat ended, all city-states felt confident and free.
ii) Athens became the leader of an alliance of _________ city-states called the Delian League.
iii) Athens began to use its powerful navy to control the other league member, experienced a burst
of creativity and wealth, and the city entered its brief __________ ______.