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Warring City-States The City-State The polis is the city and surrounding countryside By 750 B.C., polis was the formal gov’t. Citizens gathered at the agora (marketplace) and the acropolis (fortified hill) Served as central mtg point, refuge during attack, religious center w/ temples & public bldgs Greek Political Structures City-states have different forms of gov’t Monarchy (Macedonia) (Mycenae) Aristocracy: rule by small group of noble, landowning families (Sparta) (Athens) Oligarchy: rule by small group of powerful merchants or artisans (Corinth) (Sparta) Tyrants rule city-states Tyrant—noble and wealthy citizen who wins support of common people (Syracuse) Athens builds a limited democracy About 621 B.C., democracy—rule by the people—develops in Athens Draco Develops legal code based on equality of citizens Solon abolishes debt slavery (594 BC) Cleisthenes has citizens make laws (500 BC) Athenian Education Schooling only for sons of wealthy families To prepare them to be good citizens Began at 7 Includes logic, public speaking so they could debate, grammar, poetry, history, math, music, etc. Spent each day in athletic activities Go into military when older Athenian Education for Girls Girls learn from mothers and other female members of household Child-rearing Weaving and spinning cloth Preparing meals Managing the household Wealthy girls had private tutors and learned to read/write Athenian Values Individuality Beauty Freedom Learning Education Art Sparta Located on the Peloponnesus Builds military state Around 725 B.C., Sparta conquers Messenia Messenians become helots—peasants forced to farm the land Harsh rule leads to Messenian revolt Spartan Education Sparta has the most powerful army in Greece Males move into barracks at age 7 Days spent marching, exercising, & fighting Wear only light tunics, no shoes Slept on hard benches w/out blankets Diet of coarse black porridge Run a gauntlet to snatch as many cheeses as they could from the steps of an altar Sent out alone into the countryside to live by their wits Train until 30 Serve until 60 Spartan Education for Girls Receive some military training and live active lives Ran, wrestled, played sports Taught to value service to Sparta above all else Women told husbands and sons: “Come back with your shield or on it.” “I bore him so that he might die for Sparta.” Enjoyed freedom of running family estates when husband on military duty Weak infants left to die on the slopes of a nearby mountain. Spartan Values Duty Strength Discipline Individual expression discouraged Didn’t value arts, literature, or intellectual pursuits Little trade Little home life The Persian Wars Army Iron weapons & armor Based on hoplites: citizen-soldiers Phalanx Marched into battle shoulder to shoulder in rectangular formation Persian Wars Between Greece and Persian Empire—began in Ionia (Anatolia) 520 B.C. King Darius of Persia conquered Greeks living on Anatolia. Athenians tried to help the Greeks there and were defeated. Darius sought revenge. Persian Leaders Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes I Battle of Marathon 490 BC Persian fleet of 25,000 lands at Marathon (Darius) 10,000 Athenians arranged in phalanxes charge the Persians Greeks defeat Persia even though they were outnumbered (6,400 Persians die; 192 Athenians) Pheidippides Legend says he ran from Marathon to Athens to announce victory (26 mi) Basis for modern marathon Thermopylae In 480 B.C., Xerxes launches new invasion of Greece 180,000 troops/1,000 warships/supply vessels Met with little resistance Finally 7,000 Greeks & 300 Spartan warriors try to delay the Persians at Thermopylae pass Hold them for 3 days A traitor informs the Persians of a secret path around the pass Fearing defeat, Greeks retreat while 300 Spartans hold Persians back All 300 die & become heroes for their sacrifice Battle of Salamis Persians then burn Athens after Themistocles (Athenian leader) told the people of the city to flee. Athenian fleets defeat Persians at sea, near island of Salamis Athenian ships sink 1/3 of Persian warships Armed w/ battering rams The Persian threat was over. Consequences of Persian Wars City-states create an alliance called the Delian League (140 city states) Pay $ to league so Athens will help defend them Athens enters its brief, golden age Athens becomes powerful after Persian War Delian League created as defensive alliance w/ Athenian control Governing assembly Passed laws, elections, decide war Anyone could speak Ostracisim Used as a way to protect citizens from bad rulers Massive building Athens was given loads of money to rebuild after being burned in the Persian Wars Pericles Skillful politician Inspiring speaker Respected general Came from a rich and high-ranking noble family Dominates life in Athens from 461-429 BC (Age of Pericles) Pericles’ three goals for Athens 1. Stronger Democracy Increased the number of public officials who were paid salaries Creates direct democracy Pericles’ three goals for Athens 2. Strengthen the empire Takes over Delian League Uses money to strengthen Athenian navy Trade Sparta and other cities resent Athenian power Pericles’ three goals for Athens 3. Glorifies Athens Beautification of Athens Buys gold, ivory, marble; hires artisans to create works of classical art Athenians and Spartans Go to War Sparta declared war on Athens in 431 BC WHY? Called the Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian War Sparta had better army Athens had better navy Who held the advantage during the Peloponnesian War? Peloponnesian War Sparta marched into Athenian territory Pericles brought people inside the city walls. Plague strikes Athens in 430 BC, kills many including Pericles Athens and allies surrender in 404 BC