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Ecology Definition: Study of relationships between organisms and their environment Ecology • Habitat – where you live: under a log, in a tree, etc. • Niche – role in your ecosystem, how you get your food Ecology • Levels of organization of living things – Biosphere – all parts of Earth where living things exist Ecology – Biomes- all ecosystems of similar climate, » ex. rainforest, desert – Ecosystems-all biotic and abiotic factors in an area • Biotic factors are the living parts of an ecosystem—the animals, plants, and microorganisms. • Abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of the ecosystem. Ecology – Community- all different populations in an area, ex. trees, sheep, grasses, insects – Population- all of one species in an area, ex. sheep Ecology – Organism- one individual, ex. human, dog, amoeba Ecology – Food chains • Food Chain – shows energy flow through an ecosystem – Use arrows to show energy flow – Each level is a TROPHIC level (food energy) – Begin with the producer Ecology – Food chain • Draw a food chain using: – Grass, rabbit, snake, hawk • Label the producer and consumers, use arrows to show the energy transfer Hawk Snake Consumers Rabbit Grass Producer Ecology – Food chains & webs • Food Web – more complex, shows many possible food chains together – Start with producers at bottom of web – Use arrows to show energy transfer mushrooms Hawk bacteria wolf snake Song bird deer Seeds shrub mouse frog cricket grass minnow tree algae Food Chains • Producers- use the Sun’s energy to make food (glucose), aka. AUTOTROPH Food Chains • Consumers—get energy by eating other organisms, aka. HETEROTROPHS – Herbivore-eats only plants – Carnivore- eats only meat – Omnivore-eats plants and meat • Scavengers-eat already dead organisms Ecology – Food chains & webs • Decomposers – break down dead material and waste – ultimate consumers – Ex. bacteria, fungi What factor limits the number of organisms in each trophic level? Energy! Ecology – Energy Pyramids • Energy Pyramid – – show energy transfer through food chain – show biomass – living material – show numbers of organisms HAWKS SNAKES RABBITS GRASS Deciduous Forest Food Chain Ecology – Energy Pyramids 10 % of energy is passed to next level 90 % of energy is lost at each level, becomes heat energy or is used as cell fuel or for growth 100 calories available HAWKS SNAKES RABBITS GRASS 1,000 calories available 10,000 calories available 100,000 calories available Ecology – materials cycles • Photosynthesis – autotrophs use CO2 & sun’s energy to make food for growth & energy • Cellular Respiration – consumers eat food, make energy (ATP), release CO2 • Fossil Fuels – organism waste + dead organisms coal, oil, gas release CO2 when burned • Combustion – cars & factories burn fossil fuels + O2 energy + CO2 • Decomposition – decaying material releases CO2 Ecology - populations • Populations – how are populations affected by their environment? – Resources: food, mates, habitat – Disease – Predation http://blog.trapperpredatorcaller.com/trapline/CommentView,guid,2e07b52c-d9f3-40b9-850dd71d51c34d13.aspx Ecology - populations J-curve: shows exponential growth – no limits to population size Exponential growth Accelerated growth Ecology - populations • J-curve – “ideal conditions” – Population is only limited by density independent factors: • Examples: – Natural disasters: hurricanes, floods, tornados – Fire – Meteor strike Ecology - populations S-curve: shows exponential growth that has a carrying capacity Ecology - populations • S-curve: “limited by resources” – Population size will remain around carrying capacity level – Occurs in larger organisms • Density dependent factors: affect population size as population increases – Examples: • Disease • Food, water, waste limitations Threats through pollution Ecology - Bioaccumulation or Biological Magnification • • • • • • Pollutants are dumped into water or on land (runoff) Algae and plankton take in pollutants Small fish feed on algae Larger fish eat smaller fish Hunting birds or humans eat fish Concentration of pesticides grows with each organism Ecology – Bioaccumulation and Biological Magnification Ecology - Human Involvement • What have humans done and what can we do about our ecosystem? Overuse Conservation Ecology - Human Involvement • Overpopulation: – High resource use: water, energy, food, habitat – Leads to pollution of air, water, land • Pollution: – Ecosystem damage – Acid rain – Ozone depletion • Deforestation – Erosion – Increased CO2 Ecology - Human Involvement • Conservation – Find alternative energy sources: renewable – wind, solar, hydroelectric – Limit population size – Conserve natural resources: • water, fossil fuels, land Biomes Create a poster presentation about your biome. A biome will be assigned to you. Biomes: Marine Freshwater Tundra Taiga Grasslands Desert Tropical Rainforest Deciduous Forest http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/images/ecosystems/worldclimate.gif Biomes Your poster must include the following: Name: location or longitude and latititude Landscape drawing / colored 5 abiotic factors labeled 5 biotic (flora/fauna – organisms) factors labeled Species labeled Population labeled Community labeled Ecosystem labeled Food chain / Food Web labeled Autotroph labeled Heterotrophs labeled A special feature of your biome http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/images/ecosystems/worldclimate.gif