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GRAMMAR From The Magic Lens by Michael Clay Thompson The 8 Parts of Speech Noun Verb Pronoun Adjective Adverb Conjunction Preposition Interjection Noun A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. place— Rolling Meadows, stadium, beach thing—ball, water, sand idea—happiness, love, freedom Verb Action & Linking Verbs Action verbs—indicates something that can be done or performed (“what you do”) run, jump, skip, scream, swim State of being (Linking Verbs) links the subject to another word He is cute. He is tall. He is in the room. He=cute; he=tall; he=in the room More linking verbs… To be Am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being Seems Feels Appears linking verb or action verb? Bob ran. Action! He is moving his feet! Bob seems fast. Linking! Bob=fast. Connects the adjective to the noun it describes linking verb or action verb? Betty is pretty. Linking! Betty=pretty. Links adjective pretty to Betty. Betty answered the phone. Action! She physically picked up her phone. Helping Verbs Help the main verb in a sentence by extending the meaning of the verb Forms of Be Forms of Do Forms of Have am Is are was do have does has were be, being, been did had More Helping Verbs can could may might will would shall should Adjective Describes a noun or pronoun. Which one? What kind? How many? this, that red, large, sick six, four hundred How much? None, little Articles are Adjectives a an the Adjectives in Action She saw a cute boy at the football game. He had dark hair and blue eyes. Adverb Describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Where? Here, there, outside When? Now, then, later, yesterday How? Quickly, slowly, stupidly How often? Never, twice, sometimes How long? Hardly, greatly, very How much? More, less Adverbs Adverbs in Action He called yesterday. (yesterday tells when he called—modifies verb) She sang quite loudly. (loudly tells how she sang—modifies verb) (quite tells how loudly—modifies adverb) The very cute boy e-mailed her. (very tells how cute— modifies adjective) Take the place of nouns. Pronoun It, its He, him, his She, her, hers They, them, theirs This, that, these, those Myself, yourself, himself, ourselves Who, whose, whom, which, that Conjunctions Link together words, phrases, and clauses. Coordinating Conjunctions: (co=together) (con=together) (junct=join) and but or, nor, for so yet Subordinating Conjunctions: (sub=under) (con=together) (junct=join) if as since when because Preposition Shows the relationship between its object and another word in the sentence. Don’t end a sentence with a preposition. Prepositions Show time, space, or direction Time : before, during after Space: in, on, beside, around, among Direction: to, from, toward Prepositions never stand alone. They are before their object (a noun). He ran over the hill. Over=preposition hill=its object ( a noun) Over the hill=prepositional phrase Prepositions: About Before Above Behind Across Below Down After Beneath During Along Besides Amid Between Among Beyond Around But For at by from Concerning Except In Through With Into Throughout Within In back of To Without In case of Of Toward Off On Over Past since In front of Apart from Under As for Underneath As well as Until Aside from Unto Because of Up By means of upon Contrary to In place of In spite of Inside of Instead of Out of Together with Up at Up to With regard to A little word that expresses a feeling, calls attention, says yes or no, or indicates a pause. Interjection Wow! Gee! Yep! Hey! Well, Ah!