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Chapter 6: Electricity and Magnetism Electric Charges Fig 6.3 Electrostatic Charge • Stationary charge confined to an object • Charging mechanisms – Friction – Contact with a charged object – Induction Electrical Conductors and Insulators Measuring Electric Charge • Unit of charge – – – – Coulomb (C) Equivalent to charge of 6.24x1018 electrons! Fundamental metric unit FYI: Equation 6.1 Measuring Electrical Forces Coulomb’s law • Relationship giving force between two charges • Similar to Newton’s law of gravitation but… • Ratio of “k” versus “G” implies gravity weaker. 2 Force “Fields” • Charges surrounded by electric fields • Fields and charges inseparable • Fields act on other charges. Electric Potential (V) Equation 6.3 A Volt is a Joule / Coulomb Fig 6.8 Electric Current (I) • Flow of charge • Reason for charge flow: – Potential differences (voltage) • Charge per unit time – Thus, a “rate” • Units? – Coulomb per second [C/s] – Amperes [Amps]. The Nature of Current (3 Fundamental Conclusions ; see Fig 6.12 caption) Fig 6.12 Fig 6.14 Electric Circuits Fig 6.10 DC versus AC Direct current (DC) • Charges move in one direction • Batteries ; Solar Cells How Stuff Works Homepage Alternating current (AC) • Charges rapidly change directions • Household circuits ; Transformers. FSU Homepage Electrical Resistance (R) Electrical Power and Work Power in circuits Electric bills Cost of operating these items? First: Determine how many Watts (P=IV) Then: Household Circuits and Safety Circuit Breaker • Three-Pronged Plug • Polarized Plugs • GFCI Magnetism A Property of Electricity Magnetic Poles and Fields Fig 6.19 No matter how you cut it, it keeps coming up a “dipole” Fig 6.20 Earth’s Magnetic Field Fig 6.22 Fig 6.21 Magnetic Declination Electric Currents and Magnetism: Current Loops Fig 6.27 Fig 6.25 Current Loops: Basis of a Solenoid Note: Magnetic field is like that of a bar magnet. Electromagnets Widely used “device” Electric Meters Galvanometer Fig 6.28 Electric Switches: Relays and Solenoid Switches Fig 6.29 Electromagnets Other Uses? Telephones and Speakers Electric Motors Fig 6.30 Fig 6.31 Electromagnetic Induction (to induce is to cause) Fig 6.32 Generators Fig 6.33 How does “power” get to your house? Transformers Step-down Fig 6.34 Fig 6.35 Step-down Step-up Step-up Next: Exam 2