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Transcript
Homeostasis Homeostasis: the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism Read about homeostasis on page 9 and answer the following questions: 1. Why is homeostasis important? Cells function best within a certain range of conditions 2. List the limited range of conditions that cells function best within: Temperature, pH, blood sugar 3. Are homeostatic responses voluntary, involuntary, or both? Explain. Both. Involuntary: nervous system regulation such as sweating, blood sugar maintenance Voluntary: putting on a jacket, reptiles sitting on warm rock 3. What are some examples of behavioral responses and organism would do to maintain homeostasis? Those listed above; eating food when hungry, staying indoors when it is cold out Homeostasis a. Plants also need to maintain homeostasis; ANY living thing needs to. Read about gravitropism and phototropism (on pg 640) and how plants use these processes to maintain homeostasis. 1. What is gravity? What is gravitropism and how do plants use this to maintain homeostasis? Gravitropism: When a seed germinates underground, -the root grows downward into the soil, (+) -the shoot grows upward, (-) 2. What is phototropism and how do plants use this to maintain homeostasis? Phototropism: the tendency of a plant to grow towards s unlight 4. A cell’s response to maintain homeostasis may include singlecelled organisms or individual cells of organisms a. True b. False Homeostasis Terms: Determination: when a cell becomes committed to develop into only one cell type Differentiation: the process by which committed cells acquire the structures and functions of highly specialized cells Homeostasis: the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism (temp, fluids, salts, pH, nutrients, gases) Feedback: information from sensors that allows a control center to compare current conditions to a set of ideal values. Negative Feedback: a control system that counteracts any change in the body 1. What are the five levels of organization in the human body? Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ Systems > Whole Organism Digestive System Function: Breaks down and absorbs nutrients, salts, and water Eliminates some wastes Organs: Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small/Large Intestines Pancreas Gallbladder Liver Digestive System http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7xKYNz9AS0 Respiratory System Function Brings in Oxygen for cells, expels Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor Organs Nose Sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lungs Respiratory System http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiT621PrrO0 Circulatory System Function Transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes Helps regulate body temperature Collects fluids lost from blood vessels Organs Heart Blood Vessels Blood Lymph Nodes Lymphatic Vessels Circulatory System http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgI80Ue-AMo Immune System Function Protects against disease Stores and generates white blood cells (WBCs) Organs White Blood Cells Thymus Spleen Immune System http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uWaPtxTYvk Nervous System Function Regulates body’s response to changes in internal and external environment; processes information Organs Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nerves http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRkPNwqm0mM e. Plant Systems. 1. Read about the movement of fluids through plants in figure 2.2 on pg 604. Explain how absorption and transpiration help move fluids through plants. Water and minerals in the soil are pulled into roots, tension/pressure is created the moves water upward, water evaporates through transpiration 2. Read about the pressure-flow model of plants in figure 2.4 on pg 606 and explain how nutrients/sugars move through plants: 1. Sugars move from their source to a sink (leaves or roots to fruit) 2. Water moves from high to low concentration, which helps move sugars 3. Extra sugars are moved to where they are stored 1. Cells are primarily composed of what 6 elements? What are their symbols? CHNOPS: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur 2. What is the basic molecular structure and function of carbohydrates? What are some examples? Structure: C,H,O; Ring Structure Function: energy, plant cell structure Examples: glucose, starches, glycogen, cellulose 3. What is the basic molecular structure and function of Lipids? Draw and label a phospholipid. Structure: C,H,O; glycerol + 3 fatty acids Function: Energy, Cell structure Examples: Animals fats (meat and butter), Plant fats (olive oil, peanut oil), Cholesterols (hormones, steroids) a. Lipids make up what important part of cells? What is this term? Cell Membrane Phospholipid Bilayer -Polar Head -Nonpolar Tails 4. What is the basic molecular structure and function of Proteins? What are some examples? Structure: 20 Amino Acids, C,H,O,N, sometimes S -amine group, carboxyl group, side group or R-group Function: movement, eyesight, digestion, etc Examples: serine, lysine, leucine, proline, etc a. How are proteins and amino acids related? Proteins are made up of amino acids 5. What is the basic molecular structure and function of Nucleic Acids? Structure: made up of nucleotides: -sugar -phosphate group -nitrogen base (ATCG or AUCG) Function: make proteins a. What are the two main types of nucleic acids? DNA & RNA Example Relative Size Where is DNA? Organelles Prokaryote Bacteria Archaea 0.2-2.0 mm In Cytoplasm – no nucleus Absent Eukaryote Animals Plants Fungi Protists 10-100 mm In nucleus Yes – ribosomes, mitochondri a, Chloroplast 7. Viruses and bacteria are both pathogens but they differ from each other in structure. What are viruses made of? Use pg 510. A strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat Structure Function Nucleus Contains nucleolus and nuclear envelope Storehouse for DNA Ribosome Some “studded” on the Link Amino Acids endoplasmic reticulum, together to form or free within proteins cytoplasm Mitochondria Bean-Shaped, 2 membranes, highly folded Cell Respiration: Transforms energy into a usable form Cell Wall Rigid Layer Provides protection, support, and shape Chloroplast Bean Shaped, 2 membranes, highly folded Photosynthesis: converts solar energy into energy-rich molecules (food) Picture Cell Membrane 9. Cell Membrane (pg 77-80). What is the function of the cell membrane? Forms a boundary between the cell and the outside environment, and controls the passage of materials into or out of the cell. a. The cell membrane has the property of selective permeability, what does this mean? It allows some, but not all materials to cross. Allows, a cell to maintain homeostasis. b. How are chemical signals transmitted across the cell membrane? Through receptors: a protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response Passive Transport 10. Use pg 81-87 for 10 and 11. Passive transport of materials across the cell membrane. Why do materials move across cell membranes? What is this term? To get needed materials (ie: nutrients, O2) into the cell and unneeded materials or waste out of the cell (CO2). Passive transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane without energy input from the cell. List and describe the three main types of passive transport: **All are due to a concentration gradient: the difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another. 1. Diffusion: movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. 2. Osmosis: diffusion of water across a cell membrane. 3. Facilitated Diffusion: the diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins. Active Transport 11. Active transport of materials across the cell membrane. What is active transport? How is it different from passive transport? Drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. Going against the concentration gradient, thus requires energy. a. Describe Endocytosis: the process of taking liquids or fairly large molecules by engulfing them in a membrane. b. Describe Exocytosis: the release of substances out of a cell by fusion of a vesicle with the membrane. Asexual Reproduction/Mitosis 12. Draw out the cell cycle (figure 1.1) from pg 126 below: 13. Label each phase of mitosis/asexual reproduction below: 14. Which cells undergo mitosis/asexual reproduction? What is the final result of mitosis? -Eukaryote Cells: Somatic/body cells -Two genetically IDENTICAL cells (humans = 46 chromosomes) Binary Fission 15. Prokaryote cells have a much simpler way of reproducing. Identify and describe this process; pg 140. Binary Fission: the asexual reproduction of a singlecelled organism by division into two roughly equal parts.