Download Marine coastal pollution: causes, effects and

Marine coastal pollution:
causes, effects and
management options
A Brief Review by:
Akbar Tahir
Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries
University of Hasanuddin
Introduction
Marine and Coastal Pollution is defined as the
introduction of chemical, physical, or biological
material that degrades the quality of the water and
sediments and affects the living organisms.
This process ranges from simple addition of
dissolved or suspended solids to discharge of the
most insidious and persistent toxic pollutants (such
as pesticides, heavy metals, and non-degradable,
bioaccumulative, chemical compounds).
Common Sources of
Coastal Pollutants
 A large variety of contaminants from industrial,
agricultural, urban, and maritime activities are
associated with water bodies, sediment
particulates, including bottom sediments.
 The dredging and disposal of sediment from
harbors and hazardous waste sites also
contribute significantly to contamination in the
coastal zone.
 Chemical contaminants discharged into
estuaries and coastal waters often attach to
sediment particles and are deposited on the sea
bed.
Example of Polluting Activities in Marine
and Coastal Area
Effects of Pollutants in Coastal Area
 In
sufficiently high concentrations, these
contaminant-laden waters and sediments may pose
serious threats to coastal ecosystems, the
sustainability of natural resources, and human health.
 Marine and Coastal pollution due to contaminants
such as organochlorine pesticides (OCP),
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) petroleum hydrocarbons
(PHCs), polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs),
heavy metals (mercury, cadmium, arsenic, cobalt,
manganese, etc.) and nutrient salts, has become a
global concern because of the accumulation of their
residues in the tissues of various species of marine
organisms and their bio-magnification through the
food-chain leading to hazards to human health.
 In case of nutrients, excessive concentrations of
these salts in coastal waters can lead to
eutrophication and proliferation of toxic algal
blooms.
 On the toxics issue, the first decade of the 21st century
has brought to light still another challenge —
endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Scientific
studies have shown a relationship between exposure to
EDCs and abnormal thyroid function, sex alteration,
poor hatching success, decreased fertility and growth,
and altered behavior, especially in aquatic organisms.
The main suspected agent was the expired medical
supplies those being discharged into municipal waste
water treatment.
 Heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, lead, copper,
and zinc, are regarded as serious marine pollutants
because of their toxicity, tendency to be incorporated
into food chains, and ability to remain in an
environment for a long time.
 Critical habitats and food chains supporting many
estuarine fish and wildlife species involve the benthic
environment (the sea bottom).
 Contaminants in the sediments often pose both
ecological and human-health risks through degraded
habitats, loss of fauna, propagation of contaminants in
the coastal ecosystem, and human consumption of
contaminated fish and wildlife.
Contaminated/Polluted Condition
Principles of Marine and Coastal
Pollution Management
Environmental
Monitoring
Pollution
Assessment
Marine
biotechnology
Waste
treatment
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Marine sediments constitute part of the
contaminants in aquatic environments. The
bottom sediment serves as a reservoir for heavy
metals, and therefore, deserves special
consideration in the planning and design of
aquatic pollution research studies.
Sediment grain size, organic matter content, and
chemical composition of different kinds of
sediment, as well as the amount and chemical
properties of contaminants, influence the levels
and extent of contamination in the environment.
Contaminant-laden sediments on the sea bottom
may be resuspended, transported, and
redeposited in areas far from the original source.
Under certain conditions, contaminants may
"break free" from sediments (a process known as
desorption) and be released into the water,
making the bottom sediments not only a sink,
but also a source of contaminants.
Possible Management Options
 Characterizing and delineating areas of
sediment contamination and toxicity are
viewed as important goals of coastal
resource management. This includes the
analysis of trends in the environmental
quality of coastal ecosystems.
 Providing an integrated Municipal Waste
Water Treatment, prior to being
discharged into the coastal area.
 Continously conducting public awareness
in terms of pollution abatement (special
case for developing countries like
Indonesia).
 Application of Marine Biotechnology
such as Microbiology Bioremediation.
Physical Methods of
Wastewater Treatment
Nutrition
•Dissolution
Oxidation/Reduction
•Blending
Precipitation
•Slurring
Adsorption
Extraction
•Phase
separation
Sedimentation
Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plant
Sediment Contamination and Toxicity Delineation
TERIMA KASIH BANYAK
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