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Pre-AP/GT Fall Semester Final Review
1. What is the focus of biology?
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Learning about the different types of living things around you
2. What is the scientific method?
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Steps scientists use to gather information & test hypotheses
3. What is a scientific theory?
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Scientific explanation of known facts arrived at thru repeated testing
4. What is a control related to an experiment?
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Part of the experiment in which all conditions are kept the same
5. OMIT
6. What is a hypothesis?
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A testable explanation for a question or problem
7. What is the difference between qualitative & quantitative data?
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Qualitative refers to quality & quantitative refers to numerical data
8. What produces carbon dioxide?
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Carbon cycle: photosynthesis, respiration, fuel combustion, burning of
forests
9. What process uses carbon dioxide?
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Photosynthesis
10. What are the 3 types of symbiosis? Give examples of each
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Mutualism – both species benefit; flowers & bees
Commensalism – one species benefits & other is unaffected; whale &
barnacles
Parasitism – one species benefits & the other is harmed & eventually
killed; flea/tick & dog
11. How is energy passed in a food chain?
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It decreases as it moves along the chain from producers to consumers
12. Create a food chain with the following:
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Grass => field mouse => cat => dog
13. From the food chain above, which organism has the greatest energy? The
least energy?
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Greatest – grass
Least - dog
14. What is the difference between predator-prey relationship & parasite-host
relationship?
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Predator – hunter; prey – hunted
Parasite – lives off & eventually kills the host
15. Define population
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Organisms of the same species
16. OMIT
17. Define carrying capacity
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Maximum number of individual organisms that could be supported by
the environment indefinitely
18. What is the difference between density-dependent factors & densityindependent factors?
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Density-dependent: population control factors whose effects increase
as the size of the population increases; ex: disease
Density-independent: affects population no matter the density
19. Define biodiversity
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Variety of species in a specific area; the larger the area, the more
diverse
20. Define extrapolate
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Predict
21. What is an organic compound?
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Carbon compounds that come from living things
22. What about the structure of carbon makes it the most abundant element
found in living organisms?
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It has 4 electrons to share & bond to other elements
23. OMIT
24. What are the four major polymers/macromolecules?
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Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, & nucleic acids
25. Define enzyme
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A protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction
26. OMIT
27. OMIT
28. OMIT
29. OMIT
30. Define diffusion & dynamic equilibrium
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Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lesser concentration; continues until there
is no dynamic equilibrium
31. What organisms can have cell walls?
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Plants, bacteria, & fungi
32. Why are folded membranes in organelles advantageous?
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Provides a larger surface area, makes cell processes more efficient, &
forms interconnected compartments
33. What are the parts of the cell theory?
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All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
The cell is the basic unit of organization in living things
All cells come from other cells
34. What is the difference between eukaryotic & prokaryotic?
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Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
Euk = nuc & pro = no
35. What are the four main components of a plasma membrane?
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Lipid bilayer
Cholesterol
Carbohydrate chains
36. What is the function of each of the four parts of a plasma membrane?
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If cholesterol was removed, the membrane would collapse
37. Draw & label a phospholipid
38. What is homeostasis & what part of the cell is responsible for maintaining
it?
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Plasma membrane
39. Define mitochondria
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Transforms energy – the powerhouse – “mighty” mitochondria
40. What type of the cell is a chloroplast found in?
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Plant cells
41. What direction would water flow if a cell was placed into a hypotonic
solution?
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Into the cell causing the cell to swell; hypo - hippo
42. What direction would water flow if a cell was placed into a hypertonic
solution?
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Out of the cell causing the cell to shrink
43. What type of transport is employed when particles move from an area of
lower concentration to an area of higher concentration?
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Active transport = up the hill
44. Where are genes found?
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On chromosomes
45. What is the function of genes?
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The segment of DNA that controls the production of proteins
46. What occurs during metaphase of mitosis?
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The lining up of the chromosomes in the cell
47. OMIT
48. Which phase of the cell cycle is the longest?
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Interphase
49. How is energy obtained from an ATP molecule?
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When the chemical bond is broken between the 2 phosphates
50. How many ATP are used in the first step of glycolysis?
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Two
51. How many ATP are synthesized in the second step of glycolysis?
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Four
52. What is the equation of photosynthesis?
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6CO2 + 6H2O + sun’s energy => C6H12O6 + 6O2
53. OMIT
54. Explain how pigments appear as a specific color.
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The portion of light that we see is the color that is being reflected
55. Why is crossing over important?
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Provides genetic recombination
56. What is the difference between homozygous dominant, heterozygous, &
homozygous recessive?
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Homozygous dominant: 2 dominant alleles (TT); expresses the
dominant trait
Heterozygous: 1 dominant & 1 recessive allele (Tt); expresses the
dominant trait
Homozygous recessive: 2 recessive alleles (tt); expresses the recessive
trait
57. Define allele
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The alternate forms of a gene that control different forms of a trait
58. What is the backbone of a DNA molecule made up of?
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Phosphate and sugar (deoxyribose) molecules
59. Define translocation
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When part of one chromosome breaks off & is added to a different
chromosome
60. OMIT
61. OMIT
62. OMIT
63. What is the difference between replication, transcription, & translation?
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Replication: copying of the DNA molecule; occurs in the nucleus
Transcription: formation of messenger RNA from DNA; occurs in the
nucleus
Translation: conversion of RNA into amino acids; occurs on the
ribosome (know what this process LOOKS like)
64. Define point mutation & frameshift mutation
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Point mutation: one base is replaced with another
Frameshift mutation: a base is deleted or added causing the entire
sequence to shift
65. Define incomplete dominance
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A blending of the two parental traits; ex: a pink flower comes from red
& white parents
66. Define codominance
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Both traits are displayed; ex: red cow crossed with white cow produces
roan offspring (red & white spotted) or black chicken crossed with
white chicken produces black & white speckled offspring
67. What would be the expected genotype & phenotype ratios for a cross
between a female homozygous dominant for curly hair(CC) and a male
recessive for straight hair (cc)?
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100% heterozygous Cc
C
C
c
Cc
Cc
c
Cc
Cc
68. What would be the expected genotype & phenotype ratios for a cross
between two of the organisms from the F1 generation produced in the
previous question?
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C
c
C
CC
Cc
c
Cc
cc
3 curly : 1 straight
69. How are recessive disorders inherited?
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Offspring must inherit 2 recessive alleles; both parents must be
carriers (heterozygous) of the disorder
70. List the phenotype & genotype of human blood
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AA: type A
AO: type A
BB: type B
BO: type B
AB: type AB
OO: type O
71. How do you inherit Huntington’s disease?
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An autosomal dominant inheritance that has a 50% risk of being
passed to offspring with one parent being affected
72. What are the sexes of the F1 generation?
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3 female
73. What are the genotypes of the parents?
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Heterozygous father & homozygous dominant mother
74. What are the phenotypes of the children?
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2 affected & 1 normal
75. Give some common examples of sex-linked conditions.
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Royal hemophilia & red-green color blindness
76. What is Mendel’s Law of Segregation?
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During meiosis, the factors that control each trait separate, & only
ONE factor from each pair is/are passed to the offspring
77. What is a diploid cell?
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A cell containing two alleles for each trait