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Created by Brittany Ensminger TN Social Studies 4.4 Trace the routes of early explorers and describe the early explorations of the Americas including: Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Amerigo Vespucci Robert de La Salle Hernando de Soto Henry Hudson Jacques Cartier Which Explorer? 1492 1497 1519 1534 Christopher Columbus Amerigo Vespucci 1538 1609 Ferdinand Magellan 1681 Jacques Cartier Robert LaSalle Hernando DeSoto Henry Hudson I can describe the route, reason, and obstacles of the exploration of Christopher Columbus. Who Was Columbus? Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy in 1451. He worked as a trader in Lisbon, Italy and learned how to make maps and navigate ships. Christopher Columbus was not the first person to reach the Americas, but his voyage started the exploration and the colonization of the Americas. Reasons to Explore Christopher Columbus and his brother, Bartholomew, knew there were great riches in China and the Indies. They wanted to reach China and the Indies without traveling by the Silk Road. The Silk Road was a very dangerous route from Europe to China. They knew traveling around Africa would take too long, so they set sail west to reach the other side of China. Italy wouldn’t support Columbus’ voyage, but the King of Spain became his sponsor. He wanted to discover a shortcut to China. Destination We know Christopher Columbus couldn’t actually reach China by traveling the Atlantic Ocean, but he did not. When their ships reach land, they thought they had made it to the Indies. October 12, 1492 they had spotted land! Columbus had landed on a small island in the Bahamas that Columbus would name San Salvador. Columbus and his crew celebrated and returned to Spain to tell the king of their discovery. On the way back to the to Spain, only two of the three ships could return. When Columbus reached Spain, he was treated like a hero. Columbus made three more trips to the Americas, but never knew he had landed on America. The Earth was much larger than Columbus thought. Obstacles 1. His first obstacle was finding a sponsor to fund his trip. The King of Italy and the King of England would not support Columbus. 2. The journey on the Atlantic Ocean was long and difficult for his crew. The crew threatened to quit and go back, but Columbus wouldn’t let them. 3. One of the three ships didn’t make it back to Spain, because it wrecked. The Route Christopher Columbus’ route is pictured on the map below. Let’s Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What year did Columbus sail? What was Columbus trying to find? Who sponsored his voyage? What does the word sponsor mean? Where did he land? Where did he think he landed? How many ships were apart of his voyage? How many ships returned to Spain? What obstacles did Columbus encounter? I can describe the route, reason, and obstacles of the exploration of Amerigo Vespucci. Who Was Vespucci? Amerigo Vespucci was born in Florence, Italy. He earned a good education and worked for an elite family, the Medicis. The Medicis family sent him to Spain in 1491. While helping prepare ships for voyages, he became friends with Christopher Columbus. After gaining knowledge of preparing ships, education in astronomy, and learning from Columbus, Vespucci thought he was ready for his own voyage. Reasons to Explore The country of Spain sponsored his first voyage to find a water way to India. He didn’t find it, so Spain wouldn’t sponsor another trip because he was unsuccessful. Vespucci’s second voyage was funded by Portugal. He was still looking for a water way to India. A water way to reach the other side of the Earth would make trade and traveling safer and possibly quicker. He reached the coast of South America.. Destination The difference between Columbus and Vespucci is Vespucci knew he had landed in a new world. Vespucci knew a lot about astronomy and knew he had landed in a new world in 1497.. He used an almanac based on astronomy to figure out the time difference, then distance, then the ship’s location in longitude. He figured out there was no possible way to be in the Indies. He was believed to find the present day Rio de Janeiro in South America. He came back to Portugal with stories about the native people with their large huts. In 1507, a cartographer named Martin Walseemuller was working on creating an updated map that included the new world. He named these new lands after Amerigo Vespucci. It was the first map that included the new lands. The Route Amerigo Vespucci’s route is pictured on the map below. Spain Portugal Let’s Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Who did he become friends before sailing? Who was the first sponsor? Why didn’t Spain sponsor the second voyage? Who sponsored his second voyage? What city did Vespucci discover? What is the difference between him and Columbus? What continents were named after Vespucci? I can describe the route, reason, and obstacles of the exploration of Jacques cartier. Who Was Jacques Cartier? Cartier was born in Brittany, France. Cartier was a French navigator that had completed several voyages to South America, mainly Brazil. Reasons to Explore Since Cartier was a seasoned explorer, King Francis of France wanted him to make a trip to the “northern lands.” King Frances wanted Cartier to search for gold, other riches, and a water route to Asia. Cartier and his 61 member crew set sail in 1534. Destination In 1534, Cartier and his crew with 2 ships and 61 men landed on the west coast of Newfoundland, discovered Prince Edward Island, and sailed through the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Present day Canada). King Francis was impressed with Cartier’s report, so he sent him back the following year. Cartier took two Native Americans they had captured on the previous trip to have them navigate the crew through Canada as far as Quebec and they established a base. Cartier heard there were more rivers and riches that lie west, but the river had frozen. Cartier had to wait until Spring to travel down the river, but since he had captured some Iroquois, he had to make a quick escape back to France. Map Source: http://blogdev.learnquebec.ca/societies/societies/iroquois-around-1500/the-voyagesof-jacques-cartier-1534-1542/ Obstacles 1. Cartier had made the Iroquois Indians mad because he captured some of their native people. 2. The St. Lawrence River had frozen over the winter, so he wasn’t able to go further west for the gold, spices, and other riches. The Route Jacques Cartier’s route in Canada is pictured on the map below. Let’s Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Where did Cartier travel to before North America? Who sponsored Cartier? Where did Cartier land? Who did Cartier capture? What did the Iroquois Indians think of Cartier? What river did Cartier travel? What was the purpose of his voyage? Did he find what the king wanted? I can describe the route, reason, and obstacles of the exploration of Ferdinand Magellan Who Was Magellan? Ferdinand Magellan was born in northern Portugal. He grew up in a wealthy family was a page for a royal family. He sailed for many years for Portugal, and he enjoyed it. Magellan had already traveled to China and India by going around Africa, but he was convinced that he could reach it by going west. Portugal refused to sponsor that trip. Reasons to Explore Magellan was convinced he could find a water route to Asia by going west. King Charles of Spain agreed to sponsor Magellan. Journey Magellan and his crew attempted to find the water route to Asia. He left in 1519 with five ships and over 270 men. They loaded the ships up and sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa. From the Canary Islands, they sailed to Brazil and traveled south. The weather turned bad and cold! On top of the bad weather, they didn’t have enough food for everyone. Some of the crew members tried to overthrow Magellan and steal the ships. These crew members were executed. Magellan continued to sail south and found the passage he was seeking. Today it is called the Straights of Magellan. He finally made it to the other ocean. He called it Pacifico, meaning “peaceful.” It took Magellan and the 3 ships that were left over four months to reach China. They almost starved to death. Many sailors at rats and sawdust! Magellan’s Death After the ships stocked back up with supplies in China, they went to the Philippines. Magellan began arguing with the local native people in the Philippines. About forty men, including Magellan, were killed in a battle with the natives. Magellan wasn’t able to live to see the end of the journey. There was only one ship left at the end of the journey named the Victoria. It had returned in 1522 to Spain after three long years. There were only 18 remaining crew members to make the complete trip around the world! Obstacles 1. They didn’t have enough supplies for the journey. 2. Some crew members tried to steal ships along the voyage. 3. Magellan and men died in a battle in the Philippines. The Route Ferdinand Magellan’s route in Canada is pictured on the map below. Let’s Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Who sponsored Magellan’s voyage? How many ships and men went with Magellan? What was Magellan looking for? Where did he find the Straight of Magellan? What was the crew lacking on the ships? Where did Magellan die? How did he die? How many ships made it back to Spain? I can describe the route, reason, and obstacles of the exploration of Hernando Desoto. Who Was deSoto? Hernando DeSoto was born in Spain to a poor, but noble family. His parents couldn’t afford to pay for an education, so a generous man paid for DeSoto’s education at a University in Spain. DeSoto’s family wanted him to become a lawyer, but he liked the adventure of exploring. DeSoto proved himself as an experienced trader and explorer. He became wealthy by the profits of his trades. Reasons to Explore After becoming a newly married man and a wealthy man, he was ready to explore in the new world. He had heard the stories of the gulf and wanted to explore. DeSoto decided to sell all of his belongings and used the money to prepare for his voyage. He prepared a fleet of 10 ships and a crew of 700 men. He chose these men based on their fighting ability. Journey In 1538, DeSoto and his crew left Spain and headed towards the new world. DeSoto and his crew stopped in Cuba before heading to Florida. Once they got to Florida, they explored the Southeast area for three years. DeSoto claimed Florida, Georgia, and Alabama for the country of Spain. As they traveled, they told the Native Americans that DeSoto was a god. During these three years, they encountered Indians and had numerous battles. After battling different Indian groups, they made it to the Mississippi River. DeSoto’s men were the first European explorers to travel the Mississippi River. Route DeSoto’s route is pictured below. DeSoto’s Death After crossing the Mississippi River, DeSoto caught a high fever. He died in 1542 in Louisiana. His crew dumped his body in the Mississippi River because they didn’t want the Native Americans to know that he died since they said DeSoto was a god. By this time, most of the crew had been killed by disease, fever, or killed by Indians. Obstacles 1. DeSoto and his men had several encounters with the Indians. 2. Crew members caught fevers and diseases and some died. 3. DeSoto died from a fever. Let’s Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. How did DeSoto become wealthy? Why did he want to explore the new world? Where he depart from? What region did DeSoto explore? What were some of the obstacles they faced? How many years did DeSoto explore? What states did DeSoto claim for Spain? Where did DeSoto die? What did his crew do with his body? I can describe the route, reason, and obstacles of the exploration of Henry Hudson Who Was Hudson? Henry Hudson was born in England. He worked as a cabin boy, running errands for captains and the crews of ships before their voyages. He worked his way up to being a captain and he learned how to navigate and read weather maps. Henry Hudson kept journals during all of his voyages, but we do not officially know what he looked like. Historians only assume he looked like this. Reasons to Explore? Henry Hudson sailed for different countries trying to find the water route to Asia. He had four different voyages. The European countries were trying to reach Asia because you could buy and trade for silk, jewels, and spices that were not available in Europe. st 1 voyage England sponsored Hudson’s first voyage. He was the captain of the ship, Hopewell. He sailed northwest from England. He didn’t find the water route, but he was the first explorer to sail the furthest north. He was 700 miles from the North Pole. During this voyage, he discovered seals, walruses, and pods of whales in the Arctic Circle. This was very important for fishermen of England. nd 2 voyage Three months after Hudson returned from his first voyage, he was ready to sail again. Instead of sailing northwest, he wanted to attempt sailing northeast. His ship and crew was blocked by heavy ice in the Arctic Ocean. He was forced to return to England without finding the route to Asia. England was no longer willing to sponsor another voyage. rd 3 Voyage Since England wouldn’t sponsor Hudson, he sailed for the Dutch and left from Amsterdam in 1609. Instead of traveling north, he just traveled west towards North America on the Half Moon. Hudson reached the coast of present day Maine where they had to stay a few days because of a thick fog. He was able to get to the shore and trade with the Native Americans. He then sailed south and discovered Cape Cod, Delaware Bay, and Chesapeake Bay. Hudson claimed the Hudson River and all of the land along the river for the Dutch. th 4 voyage Hudson was ready to sail again, and England was willing to sponsor his fourth voyage. Hudson and his crew sailed on the Discovery. Hudson and his crew fought and didn’t get along during the entire voyage. They reached present day Hudson Bay and Hudson thought they had reached the Pacific Ocean. Before Hudson and his crew could get out of the bay, the bay had frozen over. The entire crew about froze or starved to death. The crew was so angry with Hudson that they put him on a small boat and sailed away. Hudson was never seen or heard from again. Obstacles 1. Hudson ran into ice during his voyages. 2. He had major conflicts with his crew. 3. He was kicked off of his ship from his crew after his fourth voyage and was never seen again. Let’s Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Who sponsored Hudson’s first two voyages? Who sponsored Hudson’s third voyage? Who sponsored his last voyage? What was Hudson looking for? What was an obstacle Hudson had on the voyages? What were some of his accomplishments? What happened to Hudson on his last voyage? I can describe the route, reason, and obstacles of the exploration of Robert LaSalle. Who Was LaSalle? Robert LaSalle was a French explorer. He was sent by King Louis XIV to travel to the Mississippi River. He is known for traveling the Mississippi River and claiming land for France. His last expedition ended up costing LaSalle his life. Reasons to Explore? King Louis XVI wanted LaSalle to travel the Mississippi River to claim land for France. On his last expedition, the king wanted him to conquer lands in the south from the Spanish, but it didn’t work. Journey In 1681, LaSalle and about 40 men traveled from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. He was the first explorer to travel the full length of the Mississippi River. He established a settlement in present-day Memphis along the River. His mission was to explore and create fur-trade routes along the river. LaSalle named the entire Mississippi area Louisiana, in honor of the King of France. He claimed this area for France on April 9, 1682. During his traveling time from Canada to the Mississippi River, he was able to explore the Great Lakes along the Canadian and American border. Last expedition LaSalle traveled to the New World again with four ships wanting to start a colony in the Mississippi River Valley. One ship carrying food and vital supplies was lost on the journey across the Atlantic Ocean. The other three ships reached Houston, Texas on accident. One ship ran aground in Texas. LaSalle and his men would shoot Native Americans that tried to steal from the wrecked ship, and this created enemies with the local Native Americans. The third ship returned to France. LaSalle only had one ship left. The expedition team built a fort at the mouth of the Lavaca River and explored the area. The last ship was wrecked and stranded LaSalle and the rest of his men in Texas. LaSalle was killed by five other men in this crew and left for the animals to eat. The rest of the crew made it to Montreal in Canada where there was a French settlement. The Route LaSalle’s two routes are pictured below. Obstacles 1. He didn’t run into any obstacles during his first voyage down the Mississippi River. 2. The second voyage lost all ships by wrecking. 3. The local Indians didn’t like LaSalle and his crew. 4. Five of his crew members killed him. Let’s Review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Who sponsored LaSalle’s expeditions? What river did LaSalle travel? What was his reason for exploring? What lakes did he explore? What obstacles did he face on the second voyage? What area of land did he claim for France? How did he die?