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Why solar cells?
Consumption
1000×
Mtoe
1. solar age
2. solar age
World consumption of
fossil fuels
10
5
-1000
0
1000
2000
Time [years]
3000
4000
5000
Why solar cells?
• Photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion will become an
important energy source in the world energy
production.
• Photovoltaic energy conversion takes place in
advanced semiconductor devices: solar cells.
• Noble mission:
contribution to sustainable human progress.
Depleting energy sources
BP oil platform
Nuclear fast-breed reactor
Coal power plant in Thailand
Renewable energy sources
Why solar cells?
Creating the future
Why solar cells?
ENERGY
Increasing energy need
Exhaustion of fossil fuels
Diversification of energy sources
Energy for all (2 billion people without electricity)
ECOLOGY
Pollution of environment
Climate change
ECONOMY
We want to make money
! Custom-made energy !
Added value (building elements)
Fossil-fuel energy consumption
Two major global problems:
1. Shortage of energy
Brent Crude Oil $/barrel 2007 (source BBC)
Crude oil: 0.85$/l
CocaCola: 1,00$/l
2. Climate change
Mexico, Tabasco floods,
November 2007 (source BBC)
Solutions:
1. Efficient use of energy
2. Renewable energy source
Energy consumption
6 x 109 people
Active young man:
Primary energy global use:
2500 kcal/day
1055 kWh/year
120 x 1012 kWh/year
19500 kWh/(person*year)
0.120 kW
1.4 x 1010 kW
2.30 kW/person
World energy consumption
2004:
Solar PV
3%
Gas
Coal
23%
25%
Hydro
Biomass
Wind
23%
27%
Renew
Rest
9%
14%
Oil
Nuclear
38%
41%
Total: 473 EJ
27%
Solar
thermal
41%
12%
Biofuels
17%
Geothermal
Rest: 66 EJ
Renewables: 6 EJ
Source: BP, Statistical review of world energy, June 2006
10 000 Mtoe = 420 EJ, 1 PJ = 278 GWh, 1 PJ ~ 32 MW installed power
Future energy consumption
Advisory Council
to the German
government on
global climate
change WBGU
(2003)
Sun
Energy radiation:
380 x 1021 kW
3.2 x 1027 kWh/year
Earth receives:
6000 x 1010 kW
1 x 104 kW/person
2.30 x 100 kW/person (global use)
Solar energy resource
At 10% overall efficiency (generation & storage):
1200x1200 km2 to supply 2050 energy needs (~1000 EJ)
http://visibleearth.nasa.gov
Primary energy sources
Prime energy
Depleting energy [78%]
Renewable Energy World, Vol. 2, No. 4, July 1999
Renewable energy [22%]
Nuclear
energy
4%
Fossil
energy
74 %
Solar
direct
1%
Solar
indirect
21 %
Geo, ocean
& ambient
0,2 %
Nuclear
power
Coal
Clean
gases
Hydro
& tidal
Geo & ocean
<260 years
4%
<220 years
25 %
unlimited
0.01 %
unlimited
6%
unlimited
0.1 %
Oil
Solar PV
Biomass
Heat pumps
<40 years
32 %
unlimited
0.01 %
unlimited
14 %
unlimited
0.1 %
Natural
gas
Solar
thermal
Wind
<60 years
17 %
unlimited
1.0 %
unlimited
0.1 %
Primary energy sources
Solar PV
0.5%
Wind
Gas
17%
Biomass
10.5%
Coal
Renewables
25%
0.5%
Solar
thermal
32%
14%
Nuclear
5%
Hydro 6%
Biomass
27%
Oil
32.5%
Geothermal
Biofuels
18%
11%
Renewable Energy World, Vol. 2, No. 4, July 1999
Electricity generation
nuclear
others
hydroelectric
5%
14%
6%
natural gas
17%
conversion
losses
coal
25%
20%
30%
oil
33%
13%
15%
19%
40%
13%
PRIMARY
ENERGY
ELECTRICITY
GENERATION
10%
40%
residential
47%
industry
13%
transmission
losses
ELECTRICITY
CONSUMPTION