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Why solar cells? Consumption 1000× Mtoe 1. solar age 2. solar age World consumption of fossil fuels 10 5 -1000 0 1000 2000 Time [years] 3000 4000 5000 Why solar cells? • Photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion will become an important energy source in the world energy production. • Photovoltaic energy conversion takes place in advanced semiconductor devices: solar cells. • Noble mission: contribution to sustainable human progress. Depleting energy sources BP oil platform Nuclear fast-breed reactor Coal power plant in Thailand Renewable energy sources Why solar cells? Creating the future Why solar cells? ENERGY Increasing energy need Exhaustion of fossil fuels Diversification of energy sources Energy for all (2 billion people without electricity) ECOLOGY Pollution of environment Climate change ECONOMY We want to make money ! Custom-made energy ! Added value (building elements) Fossil-fuel energy consumption Two major global problems: 1. Shortage of energy Brent Crude Oil $/barrel 2007 (source BBC) Crude oil: 0.85$/l CocaCola: 1,00$/l 2. Climate change Mexico, Tabasco floods, November 2007 (source BBC) Solutions: 1. Efficient use of energy 2. Renewable energy source Energy consumption 6 x 109 people Active young man: Primary energy global use: 2500 kcal/day 1055 kWh/year 120 x 1012 kWh/year 19500 kWh/(person*year) 0.120 kW 1.4 x 1010 kW 2.30 kW/person World energy consumption 2004: Solar PV 3% Gas Coal 23% 25% Hydro Biomass Wind 23% 27% Renew Rest 9% 14% Oil Nuclear 38% 41% Total: 473 EJ 27% Solar thermal 41% 12% Biofuels 17% Geothermal Rest: 66 EJ Renewables: 6 EJ Source: BP, Statistical review of world energy, June 2006 10 000 Mtoe = 420 EJ, 1 PJ = 278 GWh, 1 PJ ~ 32 MW installed power Future energy consumption Advisory Council to the German government on global climate change WBGU (2003) Sun Energy radiation: 380 x 1021 kW 3.2 x 1027 kWh/year Earth receives: 6000 x 1010 kW 1 x 104 kW/person 2.30 x 100 kW/person (global use) Solar energy resource At 10% overall efficiency (generation & storage): 1200x1200 km2 to supply 2050 energy needs (~1000 EJ) http://visibleearth.nasa.gov Primary energy sources Prime energy Depleting energy [78%] Renewable Energy World, Vol. 2, No. 4, July 1999 Renewable energy [22%] Nuclear energy 4% Fossil energy 74 % Solar direct 1% Solar indirect 21 % Geo, ocean & ambient 0,2 % Nuclear power Coal Clean gases Hydro & tidal Geo & ocean <260 years 4% <220 years 25 % unlimited 0.01 % unlimited 6% unlimited 0.1 % Oil Solar PV Biomass Heat pumps <40 years 32 % unlimited 0.01 % unlimited 14 % unlimited 0.1 % Natural gas Solar thermal Wind <60 years 17 % unlimited 1.0 % unlimited 0.1 % Primary energy sources Solar PV 0.5% Wind Gas 17% Biomass 10.5% Coal Renewables 25% 0.5% Solar thermal 32% 14% Nuclear 5% Hydro 6% Biomass 27% Oil 32.5% Geothermal Biofuels 18% 11% Renewable Energy World, Vol. 2, No. 4, July 1999 Electricity generation nuclear others hydroelectric 5% 14% 6% natural gas 17% conversion losses coal 25% 20% 30% oil 33% 13% 15% 19% 40% 13% PRIMARY ENERGY ELECTRICITY GENERATION 10% 40% residential 47% industry 13% transmission losses ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION