Download Inside Earth – Ch

Inside Earth – Ch. 5 “Rocks” (ad.)
• When studying a rock sample, geologists observe the rock’s
mineral ______________________, color, and texture.
Mineral Composition and Color
• _____________ – a solid mixture of minerals and other
materials.
• ___________________________ – the common minerals
that make up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust.
• ______________ can sometimes help determine composition
– ______________ – tends to be a light-colored rock that
has high silica content
– ______________– tends to be a dark-colored rock that
is low in silica
Texture
• ______________– particles of minerals or other rocks that
give a rock its texture.
• ______________– the look and feel of a rock’s surface,
determined by the size, shape, and pattern of a rock’s grains.
• Scientists look at the size, shape, and ______________ of the
grains to determine the texture.
• Grain size
• ____________________– large easy to see grains
• ____________________– so small they can only be
seen under a microscope
• _________________– varies greatly from sand grains to
large triangular grains
• _________________– can vary also from layers to swirls to
bands
How Rocks Form
• Geologists classify rocks into _____________ major groups:
• ______________ rock, sedimentary rock, and
metamorphic rock.
• _____________________– type of rock that forms from the
cooling of molten rock at or below the surface.
• _____________________– type of rock that forms when
particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and
animals are pressed and cemented together.
• _____________________– type of rock that forms from an
existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical
reactions.
Classifying Igneous Rocks
• Igneous rocks are classified according to their ___________,
texture, and mineral composition.
• _____________________________– forms from lava on
Earth’s surface.
• _____________________________ – forms when magma
hardens beneath Earth’s surface.
• The _____________ igneous rock cools, the finer the grains
• Extrusive igneous rock tends to be a
__________________ rock than intrusive igneous rock
• People throughout history have used igneous rock for
_____________ and building materials.
From Sediment to Rock
• Most sedimentary rocks are formed through a ____________
of processes: erosion, deposition, compaction, and
cementation.
• ________________– small, solid pieces of material that
come from rocks or organisms.
• Usually forms due to _______________
• ______________– a destructive process in which water or
wind loosens and carries away fragments of rock.
• __________________– process by which sediment settles
out of the water or wind that is carrying it.
• __________________– process by which sediments are
pressed together under their own weight.
• Occurs over _______________ of years as layers build
• __________________– process by which dissolved minerals
crystallize and glue particles of sediment together into one
mass.
• Takes place when sediment is in the presence of
_______________
Types of Sedimentary Rock
• There are ___________ major groups of sedimentary rocks:
– _______________ rocks, organic rocks, and chemical
rocks.
• _____________________– sedimentary rock that forms
when rock fragments are squeezed together under high
pressure.
– Can range in size from ___________________ clay
particles to large boulders
– Ex: shale, sandstone, conglomerate, and ____________
• _____________________– sedimentary rock that forms from
remains of organisms deposited in thick layers.
– Ex: Coal and __________________
– Coal forms from the ________________ of swamp
plants buried in water.
– Limestone forms in the ocean, where many living
things, such as coral, clams, and oysters, have hard
shells made of ________________ that collect on the
ocean floor.
• _____________________– sedimentary rock that forms
when minerals crystallize from a solution.
– Ex: Limestone forms from calcite deposits
_________________ in lakes, rivers, streams.
Uses of Sedimentary Rock
• Sedimentary rock has been used for thousands of years in
making ___________________, building structures, tools,
and statues.
– Ex: The ________________________ in Washington
D.C. is constructed of sandstone.
Coral Reefs
• __________________– a structure of calcite skeletons built
up by coral animals in warm, shallow ocean water.
– When coral animals die, their _________________
remain. More corals build on top of them, gradually
forming a coral reef.
– Only form in ocean water between _______°N and
________°S latitude
Metamorphic Rock
• _____________________– forms when heat and pressure
beneath Earth’s surface changes the appearance, texture,
crystal structure, and mineral content of either igneous,
sedimentary, or other metamorphic rock.
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
• Geologists classify metamorphic rocks according to the
arrangement of the _____________ that make up the rocks.
• __________________– metamorphic rocks that have
grains arranged in parallel layers or bands.
• Ex: ____________ – metamorphic shale (denser and
more compact than shale)
• _____________________– metamorphic rocks that have
randomly arranged metamorphic grains that do not split into
layers
• Ex:
______________ – metamorphic sandstone
______________ – metamorphic limestone
A Cycle of Many Pathways
• Forces deep inside Earth and at the surface produce a slow
________________ that builds, destroys, and changes the
rocks in the crust.
• __________________– processes on the surface and inside
Earth that slowly change rocks from one kind to another.
The Rock Cycle and Plate Tectonics
• Plate movements start the rock cycle by helping to form
_________________, the source of igneous rocks.
• Plate movements also cause faulting, folding, and other
___________________ of the crust that help to form
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
Inside Earth – Ch. 5 “Rocks”
• When studying a rock _______________, geologists observe
the rock’s mineral ______________________, color, and
______________________.
Mineral Composition and Color
• _____________ – a solid mixture of _________________
and other materials.
• ___________________________ – the common minerals
that make up most of the ___________ of Earth’s ________.
• ______________ can sometimes help determine
_______________________
– ______________ – tends to be a _________________
rock that has ____________ silica content
– ______________– tends to be a _________________
rock that is __________ in silica
Texture
• ______________– particles of minerals or other rocks that
give a rock its __________________.
• ______________– the look and feel of a rock’s surface,
determined by the ____________, shape, and
_______________ of a rock’s _______________.
• Scientists look at the size, shape, and ______________ of the
grains to determine the _____________________.
• Grain size
• ____________________– large easy to _______ grains
• ____________________– so small they can only be
seen under a ____________________
• _________________– varies greatly from _________ grains
to large ________________________ grains
• _________________– can vary also from ______________
to _______________ to _________________
How Rocks Form
• Geologists classify rocks into _____________ major groups:
• ______________ rock, __________________ rock, and
_____________________ rock.
• _____________________– type of rock that forms from the
_______________ of ____________ rock at or below the
surface.
• _____________________– type of rock that forms when
_______________ from other rocks or the remains of
___________________________ are pressed and
________________ together.
• _____________________– type of rock that forms from an
_______________ rock that is changed by ___________,
pressure, or _________________ reactions.
Classifying Igneous Rocks
• Igneous rocks are classified according to their ___________,
texture, and __________________ composition.
• _____________________________– forms from _________
on Earth’s surface.
• _____________________________ – forms when
______________ hardens beneath Earth’s surface.
• The _____________ igneous rock cools, the ___________
the grains
• ________________ igneous rock tends to be a
__________________ rock than _______________
igneous rock
• People throughout history have used igneous rock for
_____________ and __________________ materials.
From Sediment to Rock
• Most sedimentary rocks are formed through a ____________
of processes: ________________, deposition,
_____________, and cementation.
• ________________– small, ___________ pieces of material
that come from rocks or __________________.
• Usually forms due to _______________
• ______________– a _________________ process in which
_____________ or wind loosens and ___________________
fragments of rock.
• __________________– process by which sediment
______________ out of the _________________________
that is carrying it.
• __________________– process by which sediments are
________________ together under their own ____________.
• Occurs over _______________ of years as
________________ build
• __________________– process by which _______________
minerals ________________________ and glue particles of
sediment together into one _______________.
• Takes place when sediment is in the presence of
_______________
Types of Sedimentary Rock
• There are ___________ major groups of sedimentary rocks:
– _______________ rocks, _____________ rocks, and
__________________ rocks.
• _____________________– sedimentary rock that forms
when rock fragments are squeezed together under high
____________________.
– Can range in size from ___________________ clay
particles to large ___________________
– Ex: _____________, sandstone, conglomerate, and
____________
• _____________________– sedimentary rock that forms from
_________________ of organisms deposited in thick layers.
– Ex: Coal and __________________
– Coal forms from the ________________ of swamp
plants _______________ in water.
– Limestone forms in the ______________, where many
living things, such as ______________, clams, and
oysters, have hard _______________ made of
________________ that collect on the ocean floor.
• _____________________– sedimentary rock that forms
when minerals ____________________ from a
________________.
– Ex: Limestone forms from _______________ deposits
_________________ in lakes, rivers, streams.
Uses of Sedimentary Rock
• Sedimentary rock has been used for thousands of years in
making ___________________, building structures,
____________, and statues.
– Ex: The ________________________ in Washington
D.C. is constructed of ___________________.
Coral Reefs
• __________________– a structure of calcite
______________ built up by coral animals in _________,
shallow ocean water.
– When coral animals ________, their
_________________ remain. More corals build on top
of them, gradually forming a _________________.
– Only form in _____________ water between
_______°N and ________°S latitude
Metamorphic Rock
• _____________________– forms when
_______________________ beneath Earth’s surface changes
the appearance, _______________, crystal structure, and
_____________________ content of either
________________, sedimentary, or other
___________________ rock.
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
• Geologists classify metamorphic rocks according to the
__________________ of the _____________ that make up
the rocks.
• __________________– metamorphic rocks that have
grains arranged in _______________ layers or
___________.
• Ex: ____________ – metamorphic __________ (denser
and more _______________ than shale)
• _____________________– metamorphic rocks that have
____________________ arranged metamorphic grains that
_______________ split into layers
• Ex:
______________ – metamorphic sandstone
______________ – metamorphic limestone
A Cycle of Many Pathways
• Forces ______________ inside Earth and at the surface
produce a slow ________________ that builds,
_________________, and changes the rocks in the crust.
• __________________– processes on the surface and inside
Earth that slowly _________________ rocks from one kind
to another.
The Rock Cycle and Plate Tectonics
• Plate movements start the ___________________ by helping
to form _________________, the source of ______________
rocks.
• Plate movements also cause ______________, folding, and
other ___________________ of the crust that help to form
__________________ and __________________ rocks.