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Chapter Introduction
Section 1 Origins of the Cold War
Section 2 The Early Cold War Years
Section 3 The Cold War and
American Society
Section 4 Eisenhower’s Policies
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
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Chapter Objectives
Section 1: Origins of the Cold War
• Explain the growing tensions between the
United States and the Soviet Union at the
end of World War II. 
• Identify the goals of Stalin’s foreign policy
immediately after the war.
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Chapter Objectives
Section 2: The Early Cold War Years
• Describe the American view of the Soviet
Union and the policy of containment. 
• Explain the causes of the Korean War.
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Chapter Objectives
Section 3: The Cold War and American
Society
• Describe the new Red Scare. 
• Discuss how American society reflected fears
of the nuclear age.
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Chapter Objectives
Section 4: Eisenhower’s Policies
• Evaluate Eisenhower’s military policy known
as the “New Look.” 
• Debate the effectiveness of Eisenhower’s
foreign policy.
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Why It Matters
After World War II, an intense rivalry
developed between the United States and
the Soviet Union–two superpowers with
very different political and economic
systems. This rivalry, known as the Cold
War, led to a massive buildup of military
weapons on both sides. The determination
of American leaders to contain communism
also led to the Korean War, in which over
36,500 Americans died.
The Impact Today
The effects of Cold War events are still
evident today. 
• The NATO alliance works to guarantee
the security of many democratic
countries. 
• The math and science training
important to the space race remains
an educational priority.
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continued
on next slide
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The detonation of the atomic bomb and the end of
World War II led to disagreements among the “Big
Three” wartime Allies and a shift in American
attitudes toward the Soviet Union. 
Key Terms and Names
• Cold War 
• Potsdam 
• satellite nation 
• iron curtain
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Categorizing As you read about the origins of the
Cold War, complete a graphic organizer similar
to the one on page 654 in your textbook by filling
in the names of the conferences held among the
“Big Three” Allies and the outcomes of each. 
Reading Objectives
• Explain the growing tensions between the
United States and the Soviet Union at the end
of World War II. 
• Identify the goals of Stalin’s foreign policy
immediately after the war.
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Theme
Global Connections As World War II was ending,
the United States and the Soviet Union began to
negotiate to influence the shape of the postwar
world.
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A Clash of Interests
• After World War II, the United States and
the Soviet Union became increasingly
hostile, leading to an era of confrontation
and competition that lasted from about
1946 to 1990 known as the Cold War.
(pages 654–655)
A Clash of Interests (cont.)
• Soviets were concerned with security
and wanted to avoid future attacks
from Germany. 
• They wanted all countries between
Germany and the Soviet Union to
be under Soviet control. 
• Soviets believed communism was
superior to capitalism. 
• They were suspicious of capitalist
countries because they felt capitalism
would lead to war and eventually
(pages 654–655)
destroy communism.
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A Clash of Interests (cont.)
• Americans were concerned with
economic problems. 
• Roosevelt and his advisers believed
that economic growth would keep the
world peaceful. 
• American leaders promoted a
democracy with protections for
individual rights and free enterprise
to create prosperity.
(pages 654–655)
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A Clash of Interests (cont.)
What did many American officials believe
caused World War II?
Many American officials believed it was the
Depression that had caused World War II.
Countries had cut back on trade, making
it necessary for a nation to go to war to
get the resources it needed.
(pages 654–655)
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The Yalta Conference
• A meeting of Roosevelt, Churchill, and
Stalin at Yalta–a Soviet resort on the
Black Sea–was held to plan the postwar
world. 
• Although the conference went well,
some agreements made would later
become key in causing the Cold War.
(pages 655–657)
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The Yalta Conference (cont.)
• At Yalta, a compromise was made with
Roosevelt and Churchill agreeing to
recognize the Polish Communist
government set up by the Soviets. 
• Stalin agreed that the government
would include members from the old
Polish government before the war. 
• Stalin agreed that free elections would
take place in Poland.
(pages 655–657)
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The Yalta Conference (cont.)
• During the meeting at Yalta, Roosevelt,
Churchill, and Stalin issued the
Declaration of Liberated Europe,
giving people the right to choose their
form of government.
(pages 655–657)
The Yalta Conference (cont.)
• It was decided at Yalta to divide Germany
and Berlin into four zones, with Great
Britain, the United States, the Soviet
Union, and France each controlling a
zone. 
• It was also agreed that Germany
would pay reparations for damage
caused by the war. 
• For the next several years, arguments
about these reparations and economic
policy in Germany would become one
of the major causes of the Cold War.
(pages 655–657)
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The Yalta Conference (cont.)
• Tensions rose when the Soviets did not
follow agreements made at Yalta, which
caused Soviet-American relations to
deteriorate. 
• President Roosevelt died and Vice
President Harry S Truman became the
next President.
(pages 655–657)
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The Yalta Conference (cont.)
How did Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
disagree about what to do with Poland?
Roosevelt and Churchill felt that the Poles
should have the freedom to choose their
own government. Stalin felt the Polish
government and the Soviets needed to be
friendly for security reasons.
(pages 655–657)
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Truman Takes Control
• Harry S Truman took office, making it
clear he would stand firm against Stalin to
keep promises he made during Yalta. 
• In July 1945, Truman and Stalin met at
Potsdam near Berlin to work out a
deal regarding Germany. 
• Truman was against heavy reparations
on Germany, feeling that the
reparations would not allow German
industry to recover.
(pages 657–658)
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Truman Takes Control (cont.)
• Agreements were made allowing the
Soviets to take reparations from their
zone in Germany and a small amount of
German industrial equipment from other
zones. 
• Stalin was not pleased with Truman’s
proposal. 
• Truman then told Stalin of the
successfully tested atomic bomb,
leading Stalin to think it was a threat to
get him to agree to the deal. 
• Stalin agreed, but tensions rose.
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(pages 657–658)
Truman Takes Control (cont.)
• Other issues at Potsdam did not end
successfully. 
• The Declaration of Liberation of Europe
was not upheld, and the Soviet army’s
presence led to pro-Soviet Communist
governments being established in
Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary,
and Czechoslovakia. 
• These Communist countries of Eastern
Europe became known as the satellite
nations.
(pages 657–658)
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Truman Takes Control (cont.)
• Although they had their own governments
and were not under direct Soviet control,
they had to remain Communist and follow
Soviet- approved policies. 
• As Communists began taking over
Eastern Europe, Winston Churchill’s
term, the iron curtain, was used to
describe the separation of the
Communist nations of Eastern Europe
from the West.
(pages 657–658)
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Truman Takes Control (cont.)
Why did Stalin have to accept Truman’s
proposal at Potsdam?
American and British troops controlled
Germany’s industrial center, and Soviets
would be unable to receive any reparations
unless they cooperated.
(pages 657–658)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
B 1. the political and military
barrier that isolated Sovietcontrolled countries of
Eastern Europe after World
War II
__
A 2. the ideological and often
confrontational conflict
between the United States
and the Soviet Union between
1946 and 1990
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A. Cold War
B. iron curtain
Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Reviewing Facts Why did tensions
grow between the United States and
the Soviet Union after World War II?
Each country had different goals for
Germany and Eastern Europe.
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Reviewing Themes
Global Connections At Yalta, what
agreement did the “Big Three” come
to about Germany’s future after World
War II?
Germany was divided into four zones
controlled by Great Britain, France, the
Soviet Union, and the United States.
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Critical Thinking
Synthesizing Do you think Roosevelt
could have prevented the Cold War?
Why or why not?
Possible answers: Yes, the Cold War
could have been prevented if Soviet
needs had been accommodated. No,
the Cold War was inevitable because
the Soviets had broken several promises.
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Analyzing Visuals
Analyzing Maps Study the map on
page 658 of your textbook. Why did the
Soviet Union want the countries on its
western border to have strong
Communist governments?
It wanted to protect itself from invasion by
Germany.
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Close
Identify the goals of Stalin’s foreign policy
immediately after the war.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
As the Cold War began, the United States struggled
to oppose Communist aggression in Europe and
Asia through political, economic, and military
measures. 
Key Terms and Names
• George Kennan 
• NATO 
• containment 
• limited war
• Marshall Plan 
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Sequencing As you read about the Cold War,
complete a time line similar to the one on page
659 of your textbook by recording the major
events involving the Korean War. 
Reading Objectives
• Describe the American view of the Soviet Union
and the policy of containment. 
• Explain the causes of the Korean War.
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Theme
Global Connections Beliefs about Soviet goals
and actions had a lasting effect on American
policies abroad and on the agencies used to
carry them out.
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Containing Communism
• As Americans became increasingly
impatient with the Soviets, the State
Department asked the American Embassy
in Moscow to explain Soviet behavior. 
• On February 22, 1946, diplomat George
Kennan responded with the Long
Telegram, a 5,540-word cable message
explaining his views of Soviet goals. 
• In the telegram, Kennan discussed Soviet
insecurity and fear of the West and why it
was impossible to reach an agreement.
(pages 659–661)
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Containing Communism (cont.)
• He proposed a long-term containment of
Soviet expansion. 
• This led to Truman’s policy of
containment–keeping communism within
its present territory through diplomatic,
economic, and military actions.
(pages 659–661)
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Containing Communism (cont.)
• After World War II, Soviet troops
remained in northern Iran, demanding
access to Iran’s oil supplies. 
• Soviet troops helped Communists in
northern Iran set up a separate
government. 
• The United States demanded their
withdrawal and sent a U.S. battleship
into the eastern Mediterranean. 
• The Soviets withdrew from Iran.
(pages 659–661)
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Containing Communism (cont.)
• On March 12, 1947, Truman went before
Congress to request $400 million to fight
Soviet aggression in Greece and Turkey. 
• The policy became known as the
Truman Doctrine. 
• Its purpose was to stabilize the Greek
government and ease Soviet demands
in Turkey. 
• It became the United States’s pledge
to stop communism in the world.
(pages 659–661)
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Containing Communism (cont.)
• Postwar Western Europe faced economic
ruin and starving people. 
• In June 1947, Secretary of State
George C. Marshall proposed the
European Recovery Program called
the Marshall Plan. 
• The plan would give European nations
American aid to rebuild. 
• The plan was an effort to fight hunger,
poverty, and chaos.
(pages 659–661)
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Containing Communism (cont.)
• The Soviet Union and its satellite nations
in Eastern Europe rejected the offer and
developed their own economic program. 
• The Marshall Plan gave billions of
dollars worth of supplies, machinery,
and food to Western Europe, lessening
the appeal of communism and opening
new trade markets.
(pages 659–661)
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Containing Communism (cont.)
Why did George Kennan think containment
would beat communism?
Kennan felt the Soviet system had major
economic and political weaknesses. If the
United States could stop the Soviets from
expanding, Kennan felt the Soviet system
would crumble without going to war.
(pages 659–661)
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The Berlin Crisis
• By early 1948, in response to the Soviet
attempt to harm Germany’s economy, the
United States, Great Britain, and France
merged their zones in Germany and in
Berlin, which became West Berlin,
allowing Germans to have their own
government. 
• The new nation became West
Germany with a separate economy
from the Soviet zone, which eventually
became known as East Germany.
(pages 661–662)
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The Berlin Crisis (cont.)
• In June 1948, Soviet troops stopped all
road and rail traffic to West Berlin, hoping
to force Americans to renegotiate
Germany’s status or give up Berlin. 
• In response, Truman sent long-range
bombers with atomic weapons to bases
in Britain. 
• Truman then ordered the Berlin airlift. 
• For eleven months, cargo planes supplied
Berliners with food, medicine, and coal. 
• Stalin finally lifted the blockade on May 12.
(pages 661–662)
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The Berlin Crisis (cont.)
• With the threat of war still present, the
American public and Congress supported
American participation in a military
alliance with Western Europe. 
• By April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), a mutual
defense alliance, was created with
initially twelve countries joining. 
• The members agreed to come to the
aid of any member who was attacked.
(pages 661–662)
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The Berlin Crisis (cont.)
• The U.S. and its allies allowed West
Germany to join NATO. 
• Soviet leaders responded with the
organization of a military alliance in
Eastern Europe known as the Warsaw
Pact.
(pages 661–662)
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The Berlin Crisis (cont.)
Why was NATO created?
It was created by 12 countries, including
the United States, Canada, and several
Western European countries, as a mutual
defense alliance in order to help maintain
peace in Europe.
(pages 661–662)
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The Cold War Spreads to East Asia
• The Cold War spread to Asia. 
• In China, Communist forces and
Nationalist forces had been battling
since the late 1920s. 
• The two had stopped their war during
World War II in an effort to resist
Japanese occupation. 
• With the end of World War II, civil war
broke out again. 
• The Nationalists were defeated after
poor leadership caused the United
States to stop sending aid.
(pages 662–663)
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The Cold War Spreads to East Asia
(cont.)
• In October 1949, Communists set up the
People’s Republic of China. 
• In early 1950, the People’s Republic of
China and the Soviet Union signed a
treaty of friendship and alliance. 
• The United States was able to keep
Communist China out of the United
Nations while allowing Nationalists
from Taiwan to retain their seats.
(pages 662–663)
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The Cold War Spreads to East Asia
(cont.)
• When the United States lost China as
its main ally in Asia, it adopted policies to
encourage the quick recovery of Japan’s
industrial economy. 
• The U.S. saw Japan as its key in
defending Asia.
(pages 662–663)
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The Cold War Spreads to East Asia
(cont.)
Why did the United States change its
policies toward Japan?
With the establishment of Communist
China, the United States lost China as its
ally in Asia. So the U.S. changed its policies
toward Japan and encouraged the rapid
recovery of Japan’s industrial economy
because it saw Japan as the key to
defending Asia.
(pages 662–663)
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The Korean War
• At the end of World War II, American and
Soviet forces entered Korea to disarm
Japanese troops stationed there. 
• The Allies divided Korea at the 38th
parallel of latitude. 
• Soviet troops controlled the north and set
up a Communist government. 
• American troops controlled the south with
an American-backed government. 
• The Soviets gave military aid to the north,
resulting in an expansive military. (pages 663–665)
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The Korean War (cont.)
• On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops
invaded South Korea. 
• Truman asked the UN to act against
the Communist invasion of South
Korea. 
• American, UN, and South Korean
troops pushed back advancing North
Korean troops.
(pages 663–665)
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The Korean War (cont.)
• The Communist Chinese government
saw the UN troops as a threat and
demanded that they stop advancing. 
• After being ignored, China began a
massive attack with hundreds of
thousands of Chinese troops heading
across the border, driving UN forces
back.
(pages 663–665)
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The Korean War (cont.)
• General MacArthur demanded approval
to expand the war against China. 
• Truman refused MacArthur’s demands. 
• MacArthur was fired after publicly
criticizing the president. 
• Truman was committed to limited war, a
war fought to achieve a limited objective
such as containing communism.
(pages 663–665)
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The Korean War (cont.)
• By 1951 UN forces had pushed Chinese
and North Korean troops back across the
38th parallel. 
• An armistice was signed July 1953.
(pages 663–665)
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The Korean War (cont.)
• The Korean War was an important turning
point in the Cold War. 
• Instead of just using political pressure
and economic aid to contain
communism, the United States began
a major military buildup. 
• The Korean War expanded the Cold
War beyond Europe and into Asia.
(pages 663–665)
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The Korean War (cont.)
Why did Truman refuse MacArthur’s
demands to expand the war into China?
Truman did not want to expand the war
into China or use the atomic bomb. Truman
remained committed to a limited war to
contain communism.
(pages 663–665)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
A 1. the policy or process of
preventing the expansion
of a hostile power
__
B 2. a war fought with limited
commitment of resources to
achieve a limited objective,
such as containing
communism
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A. containment
B. limited war
Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Review Facts How did the Truman
Doctrine and the Marshall Plan address
the spread of communism?
Under these, the United States
would help any country fight against
communism and would help rebuild
economies to strengthen the resistance
to communism.
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Reviewing Themes
Global Connections What long-term
Cold War strategy did the United States
follow?
The United States followed the policy
of containing communism through
international aid, diplomacy, and a
strong military.
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Critical Thinking
Evaluating How did the Long Telegram
influence American policy?
It recommended patient but firm and
vigilant containment of Soviet expansion.
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Analyzing Visuals
Analyzing Maps Study the maps of the
Korean War on page 663 of your textbook.
When did the United Nations control the
most territory in Korea? When did both
sides finally agree upon an armistice line?
The United Nations controlled the most
territory in November 1950. Both sides
agreed upon an armistice line on
July 27, 1953.
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Close
Create a cause-and-effect organizer for
the Korean War.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The Cold War heightened Americans’ fears of
Communist infiltration and atomic attack. 
Key Terms and Names
• subversion 
• McCarthyism 
• loyalty review
program 
• censure 
• Alger Hiss 
• fallout shelter
• perjury 
• fallout 
• McCarran Act 
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Taking Notes As you read about American reaction
to the Cold War, use the major headings of the
section to create an outline similar to the one on
page 668 of your textbook. 
Reading Objectives
• Describe the new Red Scare. 
• Discuss how American society reflected fears
of the nuclear age.
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Theme
Civic Rights and Responsibilities In the early
part of the Cold War, the fear of communism
led to a hunt for spies and to intolerance and
suspicion of people with radical ideas in the
United States.
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A New Red Scare
• During the 1950s, rumors and
accusations of Communists in the United
States led to fears that Communists were
attempting to take over the world. 
• The Red Scare began in September
1945, and escalated into a general
fear of Communist subversion–an
effort to secretly weaken a society and
overthrow its government.
(pages 668–670)
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A New Red Scare (cont.)
• In early 1947, Truman established the
loyalty review program to screen all
federal employees for their loyalty. 
• The program’s aim was to calm
Americans. 
• Instead, it led to the fear that
Communists were infiltrating the
government.
(pages 668–670)
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A New Red Scare (cont.)
• FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover went to the
House Un-American Activities Committee
(HUAC) to urge them to hold public
hearings on Communist subversion. 
• Under Hoover’s leadership, the FBI
sent agents to investigate suspected
groups and to wiretap thousands of
telephones.
(pages 668–670)
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A New Red Scare (cont.)
• In 1948 Time magazine editor Whittaker
Chambers testified to HUAC that several
government officials had also been
Communists or spies at the time. 
• The most prominent among these was
lawyer and diplomat Alger Hiss. 
• Hiss had served in Roosevelt’s
administration, attended the Yalta
conference, and helped with the
organization of the UN.
(pages 668–670)
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A New Red Scare (cont.)
• Hiss denied the charges, but he was
convicted of committing perjury, or
lying under oath.
(pages 668–670)
A New Red Scare (cont.)
• The search for spies intensified when the
Soviet Union produced an atomic bomb. 
• Klaus Fuchs, a British scientist, admitted
giving information to the Soviet Union. 
• This led to the arrest of Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg, a New York couple who
were members of the Communist Party
and were charged with heading a Soviet
spy ring. 
• Although many believed the Rosenbergs
were not guilty, the couple was executed
(pages 668–670)
in June 1953.
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A New Red Scare (cont.)
• In 1946 American cryptographers cracked
the Soviet spy code, allowing them to
read messages between Moscow and the
United States. 
• This did not become public knowledge
until 1995, when the government
revealed Project Venona’s existence. 
• It provided strong evidence against the
Rosenbergs.
(pages 668–670)
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A New Red Scare (cont.)
• The federal government set the example
for many state and local governments,
universities, businesses, unions, and
churches to start finding Communists.
(pages 668–670)
A New Red Scare (cont.)
Why did the hunt for Communist spies
increase with the Soviet Union’s production
of the atomic bomb?
Many believed that the Soviet Union could
not have produced the atomic bomb
without help. The belief was that American
Communists must have sold secrets of the
atomic bomb to the Soviets.
(pages 668–670)
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“A Conspiracy So Immense”
• In 1949, with the Soviet Union testing
an atomic bomb and China falling to
communism, Americans felt they were
losing the Cold War. 
• Americans continued to believe that
Communists were inside the
government. 
• Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, in a
political speech, stated that he had
a list of 205 Communists in the state
department.
(pages 671–673)
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“A Conspiracy So Immense” (cont.)
• McCarthy won the Senate race after
accusing his opponent of being a
Communist. 
• He accused Democratic Party leaders
of corruption and of protecting
Communists. 
• Others made similar charges, causing
Americans to begin to believe them.
(pages 671–673)
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“A Conspiracy So Immense” (cont.)
• Congress passed the Internal Security
Act or McCarran Act in 1950. 
• The act made it illegal to “combine,
conspire, or agree with any other
person to perform any act which would
substantially contribute to . . . the
establishment of a totalitarian
government.”
(pages 671–673)
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“A Conspiracy So Immense” (cont.)
• Senator Joseph R. McCarthy became the
chairman of the Senate subcommittee on
investigations. 
• His investigation turned into a witch
hunt as he searched for disloyalty
based on poor evidence and fear. 
• He ruined reputations without proper
evidence. 
• This tactic became known as
McCarthyism.
(pages 671–673)
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“A Conspiracy So Immense” (cont.)
• In 1954 Americans watched televised
Army-McCarthy hearings and saw how
McCarthy attacked witnesses, and his
popularity faded. 
• Finally, an army lawyer named Joseph
Welch stood up to McCarthy. 
• Later that year, the Senate passed a
vote of censure, or formal disapproval,
against McCarthy.
(pages 671–673)
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“A Conspiracy So Immense” (cont.)
Why were people afraid to challenge
McCarthy and his tactics?
People were afraid to challenge McCarthy
because they feared McCarthy would
accuse them of being Communists.
(pages 671–673)
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Life During the Early Cold War
• Communism and the threat of the atomic
bomb dominated life for Americans and
their leaders in the 1950s. 
• The threat of an atomic attack against
the United States forced Americans to
prepare for a surprise attack.
(pages 673–674)
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Life During the Early Cold War (cont.)
• Although Americans tried to protect
themselves, experts realized that for
every person killed instantly by a nuclear
blast, four more would later die from
fallout, the radiation left over after the
blast. 
• Some families built fallout shelters in
their backyards and stocked them with
canned food.
(pages 673–674)
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Life During the Early Cold War (cont.)
• The 1950s was a time of great contrasts. 
• Images of the Cold War appeared in
films and popular fiction. 
• Along with these fears of communism
and spies, the country enjoyed
postwar prosperity and optimism.
(pages 673–674)
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Life During the Early Cold War (cont.)
How did Americans prepare for an atomic
attack?
American schools had bomb shelters and
held bomb drills. Some families built fallout
shelters in their backyards and filled them
with canned food.
(pages 673–674)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
E 1. a shelter built with the intent to
house and protect people from
nuclear fallout
__
B 2. lying when one has sworn
under oath to tell the truth
__
A 3. a systematic attempt to
overthrow a government by
using persons working secretly
from within
__
D 4. radioactive particles dispersed
by a nuclear explosion
__
C 5. to express a formal disapproval
of an action
Click the mouse button or press the
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A. subversion
B. perjury
C. censure
D. fallout
E. fallout shelter
Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Explain the goals of Project Venona.
The goals of Project Verona were to crack
the Soviet spy code and confirm Soviet
spying.
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Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Reviewing Facts What did the McCarran
Act propose to do?
The McCarran Act proposed to make
it illegal to associate with or be a
Communist.
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Reviewing Themes
Civic Rights and Responsibilities
How did McCarthyism and the Red
Scare change American society and
government?
While people were enjoying postwar
prosperity and optimism, they feared
communism and an atomic attack.
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Critical Thinking
Interpreting Why did McCarthy initially
receive a lot of support for his efforts to
expose Communists?
People feared communism.
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Analyzing Visuals
Analyzing Photographs Study the
photograph on page 672 of your
textbook of the Army-McCarthy hearings.
From their postures, how would you
describe the attitude of army lawyer
Joseph Welch toward Senator Joseph
McCarthy? Do you think Welch respects
McCarthy’s presentation?
Answers will vary.
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Close
Discuss how American society reflected
fears of the nuclear age.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
As president, Eisenhower developed plans to
reduce world tensions while containing and
competing with communism. 
Key Terms and Names
• massive retaliation 
• Sputnik 
• brinkmanship 
• covert 
• Central Intelligence
Agency 
• developing nation 
• military-industrial
complex
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Reading Strategy
Organizing As you read about Eisenhower’s
presidency, complete a graphic organizer similar
to the one on page 675 of your textbook by filling
in aspects of Eisenhower’s “New Look”. 
Reading Objectives
• Evaluate Eisenhower’s military policy known
as the “New Look.” 
• Debate the effectiveness of Eisenhower’s
foreign policy.
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Guide to Reading (cont.)
Section Theme
Science and Technology Nuclear technology
enabled Eisenhower to change American military
policy, while new missile technology marked the
beginning of the space age.
Click the Speaker button
to listen to the audio again.
Eisenhower’s “New Look”
• The election of 1952 placed Democratic
candidate Adlai Stevenson against
Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower. 
• Eisenhower, the general who
organized the D-Day invasion, was
a national hero. 
• Eisenhower won by a landslide.
(pages 675–677)
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Eisenhower’s “New Look” (cont.)
• Eisenhower felt the way to win the Cold
War was through a strong military and a
strong economy. 
• Eisenhower believed a conventional
war would be too expensive and would
hurt the economy. 
• He believed the use of atomic
weapons was necessary. 
• Eisenhower felt the United States
needed a “New Look” in its defense
policy.
(pages 675–677)
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Eisenhower’s “New Look” (cont.)
• Eisenhower wanted to prevent war from
happening in the first place. 
• A policy called massive retaliation
was used to threaten the use of
nuclear weapons on any Communist
state that tried to gain territory through
force. 
• This resulted in a cut in military
spending and an increase in America’s
nuclear arsenal.
(pages 675–677)
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Eisenhower’s “New Look” (cont.)
• New technology brought the B-52
bomber, which could fly across continents
and drop nuclear bombs anywhere in the
world. 
• Intercontinental ballistic missiles and
submarines capable of launching
nuclear missiles were also created.
(pages 675–677)
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Eisenhower’s “New Look” (cont.)
• Americans discovered that the Soviets
had developed their own nuclear
missiles. 
• On October 4, 1957, the Soviets
launched Sputnik, the first artificial
satellite to orbit the earth. 
• The Americans felt they were falling
behind in missile technology.
(pages 675–677)
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Eisenhower’s “New Look” (cont.)
• The next year, Congress created the
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) and also
passed the National Defense
Education Act (NDEA).
(pages 675–677)
Eisenhower’s “New Look” (cont.)
Why did Eisenhower feel a strong economy
would win the Cold War?
Eisenhower felt that the United States
needed to show that free enterprise would
produce a more prosperous society than
communism. Economic prosperity would
also prevent Communists from gaining
support in the United States, protecting the
U.S. from subversion.
(pages 675–677)
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Brinkmanship In Action
• President Eisenhower’s willingness to
threaten nuclear war to maintain peace
worried some people. 
• Critics argued that brinkmanship, the
willingness to go to war to force the
other side to back down, was too
dangerous.
(pages 677–679)
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Brinkmanship In Action (cont.)
• The Korean War ended with the signing
of an armistice in 1953. 
• This came after Eisenhower had gone
to the brink and threatened to use
nuclear weapons. 
• The battle line became the border
between North Korea and South
Korea. 
• Although there was no victory, it had
stopped communism from spreading.
(pages 677–679)
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Brinkmanship In Action (cont.)
• In 1954 China threatened to take over
two of the islands from the Nationalists
in Taiwan. 
• Eisenhower threatened the use of nuclear
weapons if China tried to invade Taiwan. 
• China retreated.
(pages 677–679)
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Brinkmanship In Action (cont.)
• Eisenhower wanted to prevent Arab
nations in the Middle East from aligning
with the Soviet Union. 
• To gain support, the United States
offered to help finance the construction
of a dam on the Nile River for Egypt. 
• Congress forced the United States to
withdraw the offer. 
• Egyptians took control of the Suez
Canal to use its profits to pay for the
dam.
(pages 677–679)
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Brinkmanship In Action (cont.)
• British and French troops responded by
invading the Suez Canal. 
• Soviets threatened rocket attacks on
Britain and France. 
• Eisenhower put American nuclear
forces on alert, and through strong
American pressure the British and
French called off their invasion.
(pages 677–679)
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Brinkmanship In Action (cont.)
Why did the United States withdraw its offer
to Egypt to finance the dam on the Nile
River?
The offer was withdrawn because Egypt
had purchased weapons from Communist
Czechoslovakia.
(pages 677–679)
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Fighting Communism Covertly
• Brinkmanship would not work in all
situations, and it could not prevent
Communists from revolting within
countries. 
• To prevent this, Eisenhower used
covert, or hidden, operations
conducted by the Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA).
(pages 679–680)
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Fighting Communism Covertly (cont.)
• The CIA operations took place in
developing nations, or those nations
with mostly agricultural economies. 
• In many of these countries, leaders felt
European imperialism and American
capitalism were the causes of their
problems. 
• Two examples of covert operations
that achieved American objectives took
place in Iran and Guatemala in the
1950s.
(pages 679–680)
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Fighting Communism Covertly (cont.)
• Covert operations did not always work. 
• After Stalin died, Nikita Khrushchev
became the new leader of the Soviet
Union in 1956. 
• He delivered a secret speech to Soviet
leaders, which the CIA broadcast to
Eastern Europe. 
• Eastern Europeans, frustrated by
Communist rule, staged riots, and a fullscale uprising took place in Hungary.
(pages 679–680)
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Fighting Communism Covertly (cont.)
• Soviet tanks entered Budapest, the
capital of Hungary, and stopped the
rebellion.
(pages 679–680)
Fighting Communism Covertly (cont.)
Why did Eisenhower respond to the crisis
in Taiwan?
Eisenhower felt that Taiwan was a part of
the “anticommunistic barrier” in Asia.
(pages 679–680)
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Continuing Tensions
• Eisenhower and Soviet leader
Khrushchev agreed to a summit in
Paris in order to improve relations. 
• Khrushchev stopped the summit after
the Soviets shot down an American
spy plane piloted by Francis Gary
Powers.
(page 680)
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Continuing Tensions (cont.)
• In his farewell address, Eisenhower
warned Americans to be on guard against
the influence of a military-industrial
complex in a democracy. 
• It was a new relationship between the
military establishment and the defense
industry.
(page 680)
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Continuing Tensions (cont.)
What happened when the Soviet Union
shot down an American U-2 spy plane?
Eisenhower first claimed it was a weather
plane that had strayed off course.
Khrushchev dramatically produced the pilot,
and after Eisenhower refused to apologize,
Khrushchev stopped the summit in Paris.
(page 680)
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Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
D 1. not openly shown or engaged
in
A. massive
retaliation
__
F 2. an informal relationship that
some people believe exits
between the military and the
defense industry to promote
greater military spending and
influence government policy
B. brinkmanship
__
B 3. the willingness to go to the
brink of war to force an
opponent to back down
Click the mouse button or press the
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D. covert
E. developing
nation
F.
military-industrial
complex
Checking for Understanding
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
E 4. a nation whose economy is
primarily agricultural
A. massive
retaliation
__
A 5. a policy of threatening a
massive response, including
the use of nuclear weapons,
against a Communist state
trying to seize a peaceful
state by force
B. brinkmanship
Click the mouse button or press the
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D. covert
E. developing
nation
F.
military-industrial
complex
Checking for Understanding (cont.)
Reviewing Facts What was the
significance of the Soviet Union’s
launching of Sputnik in 1957?
It stunned Americans and led to the
creation of NASA and the passage of the
NDEA.
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Reviewing Themes
Science and Technology How did
technology shape Eisenhower’s military
policy?
It allowed him to pursue the policy of
brinkmanship since the nuclear arsenal
was a real threat. It also allowed covert
operations in Iran and Guatemala.
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Critical Thinking
Interpreting Do you think Eisenhower’s
foreign policy was successful? Why or
why not?
Answers will vary.
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Analyzing Visuals
Analyzing Maps Study the map on
page 678 of your textbook. How many
nations belonged to NATO? How many
nations belonged to the Warsaw Pact?
Which nations did not belong to either
NATO or the Warsaw Pact?
There are 11 NATO nations on the map
(Iceland is also a member, but is not
shown on the map). There were eight
Warsaw Pact nations. Seven nations did
not belong to NATO or the Warsaw Pact.
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Close
Debate the effectiveness of Eisenhower’s
foreign policy.
Reviewing Key Terms
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
B 1. the political and military
barrier that isolated Sovietcontrolled countries of
Eastern Europe after World
War II
A.
Cold War
B.
iron curtain
C.
limited war
D.
subversion
__
G 2. a shelter built with the intent
to house and protect people
from nuclear fallout
E.
perjury
F.
censure
__
D 3. a systematic attempt to
overthrow a government by
using persons working
secretly from within
G.
fallout shelter
H.
brinkmanship
I.
covert
__
J 4. a nation whose economy is
primarily agricultural
J.
developing
nation
Click the mouse button or press the
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Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
C 5. a war fought with limited
commitment of resources to
achieve a limited objective,
such as containing
communism
A.
Cold War
B.
iron curtain
C.
limited war
D.
subversion
__
I 6. not openly shown or engaged
in
E.
perjury
__
F 7. to express a formal
disapproval of an action
F.
censure
G.
fallout shelter
H.
brinkmanship
I.
covert
J.
developing
nation
__
A 8. the ideological and often
confrontational conflict
between the United States
and the Soviet Union between
1946 and 1990
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Reviewing Key Terms (cont.)
Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on
the left.
__
H 9. the willingness to go to the
brink of war to force an
opponent to back down
__
E 10. lying when one has sworn
under oath to tell the truth
Click the mouse button or press the
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A.
Cold War
B.
iron curtain
C.
limited war
D.
subversion
E.
perjury
F.
censure
G.
fallout shelter
H.
brinkmanship
I.
covert
J.
developing
nation
Reviewing Key Facts
How did Stalin’s postwar foreign policy
goals add to the growing tensions
between the United States and the
USSR?
Stalin’s push for German reparations and
for a Communist government in Poland
conflicted with United States desire for
democracy in Poland and economic
recovery for Germany.
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Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)
Why were NATO and the Warsaw Pact
formed?
NATO was formed to maintain peace and
freedom for European nations, and the
Warsaw Pact was formed to achieve
Soviet foreign policy goals.
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Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)
What was the long-term strategy of the
United States during the Cold War?
The long-term strategy was to fight
the spread of communism worldwide.
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Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)
What were the effects of the new Red
Scare on federal employees?
Federal employees faced stricter
screening and termination if they
were suspected of being disloyal.
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Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)
What was President Eisenhower’s “new
look” for the military?
Eisenhower favored the use of atomic
weapons, instead of maintaining a large
and expensive army.
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Critical Thinking
Analyzing Themes: Global
Connections How did the Truman
Doctrine and the Marshall Plan cause the
United States to change its foreign policy
goal of isolationism?
They highlighted the possibility of
Communist influence in Turkey, Greece,
and Europe, resulting in the containment
policy and increased foreign aid.
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Critical Thinking (cont.)
Evaluating How did the Korean War
affect American domestic and international
policy?
In terms of domestic policy, it reinforced
the idea of containment and greater
military readiness. In terms of
international policy, it brought the Cold
War to Asia and led to United States
defense agreements with Asian countries.
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Geography and History
The map on page 683 of your textbook shows the occupation
of Berlin after World War II. Study the map below and answer
the questions on the following slides.
Geography and History (cont.)
Interpreting Maps
How was West
Berlin’s location a
disadvantage? How
did Stalin use this
disadvantage against
the Western Allies?
It was completely
surrounded by
East Germany.
Stalin blockaded it.
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Geography and History (cont.)
Applying Geography
Skills What
transportation
advantage did West
Berlin have over East
Berlin? How did the
United States use
this advantage when
West Berlin was
stranded?
It had three airports that were used to
shuttle food and supplies to the Berliners.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answer.
Directions: Choose the phrase that best completes the following
sentence.
One historical lesson of McCarthy’s approach is the
realization that
A loyalty oaths prevent spying.
B communism is influential in prosperous times.
C Communist agents had infiltrated all levels of the U.S.
government.
D public fear of traitors can lead to intolerance and
false accusations and unfair consequences.
Test-Taking Tip Think about the definition of McCarthyism,
the use of unsubstantiated accusations to discredit people.
Which of the answers relates best to this definition?
Click the mouse button or press the
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How long did the era called the Cold War
last?
The Cold War lasted from 1946 to 1991.
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Explore online information about the topics
introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to
The American Republic Since 1877 Web site. At this site, you will
find interactive activities, current events information, and Web
sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When
you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web
site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://tarvol2.glencoe.com
Literature In his 1953 play, The Crucible,
playwright Arthur Miller wrote about the witch
trials in Salem, Massachusetts, in the 1600s.
Despite the setting, Miller made it clear that the
play was referring to the McCarthy era.
World History Many historians recognize Gamal
Abdel Nasser’s move to seize control of the Suez
Canal as the beginning of a process that would
eventually dissolve the British Empire.
Cold War Words The development of nuclear weapons and
artificial satellites created not only new anxieties but also new
words and expressions.
“Sputnik,” the name of the Soviet satellite, started its own language
trend, as words gained a –nik ending for a foreign-sounding effect.
One new word, beatnik, described a young person influenced by
the style of Beat writers such as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg.
Another word, peacenik, was used to describe a peace activist.
The atomic bomb test on Bikini Atoll gave the Nuclear Age two new
words: fallout, the term for the harmful radiation left over after an
atomic blast, and bikini, a skimpy swimsuit that French designers
promised would produce an “explosion” on the beach.
The Cold War inspired the marketing of Nuclear Attack Survival Kit
Water, which was bottled water claiming to be “impervious to
nuclear fallout.”
Superpowers
Berlin
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
The only two superpowers left after World War II
were the United States and the Soviet Union;
they had as much productive capacity between
them as the rest of the world combined.
Over 750 years old, Berlin has been a major
European cultural center since the 1700s.
Following the reunification of Germany in 1990,
Berlin was reestablished as the capital in 1991.
Berlin Airlift
MacArthur
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
During the Berlin airlift, a plane flew into the city
every three minutes. Without the supplies those
planes carried, West Berliners would have had
to back down.
Douglas MacArthur and his father are the only
father and son to have both received the Medal
of Honor for people who perform extraordinary
acts of heroism.
The Rosenbergs
“The Hollywood Ten”
McCarthy
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Many people, including Albert Einstein and Pope
Pius XII, urged clemency for the Rosenbergs.
Files released after the fall of the Soviet Union
seem to indicate that the Rosenbergs were guilty.
However, information based on a 1996 interview
with David Greenglass, Ethel Rosenberg’s
brother, puts Ethel’s guilt in doubt.
Of the film industry people investigated by HUAC,
ten went to prison. This group often referred to as
“The Hollywood Ten,” consisted of Alvah Bassie,
Herbert J. Biberman, Lester Cole, Edward
Dmytryk, Ring Lardner, Jr., John Howard Lawson,
Albert Maltz, Samuel Ornitz, Adrian Scott, and
Dalton Trumbo.
Many Americans were afraid to challenge
McCarthy. Even Dwight D. Eisenhower, running
for president in 1952, did not speak out against
him, though Eisenhower disliked McCarthy’s
tactics. Once he was elected president, he
worked with congressional leaders to
undermine McCarthy’s authority.
Suez Canal
The Shah
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
The Suez Canal, which connects the
Mediterranean and Red Seas, opened in 1869.
It cut approximately 4,000 miles off voyages
between Britain and India.
Many people in Iran resented the Shah’s close
ties with the West. Their anger at the Shah’s
attachment to Western ideas and customs
helped fuel the 1979 revolt against him.
Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi died in exile
in 1980.
Click the Speaker button
to listen to the audio again.
Marshall Opposition
Chinese Changes
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Marshall Opposition Senator Robert A. Taft
opposed the Marshall Plan, calling it a “globalgive-away program.” He was concerned that
the plan would bankrupt the United States.
Chinese Changes In October 2000 the Library
of Congress and other U.S. libraries joined the
international community and began using the
Pinyin standard to convert Chinese characters.
Pinyin has been widely used since 1979. In the
older Wade-Giles system, it was Mao Tse-tung.
In the Pinyin system, it is Mao Zedong.
Making Decisions
Suppose you have been given the choice of
taking an art class or a music class during your
free period during school. How will you decide
which class to take?
Click the Speaker button
to listen to the audio again.
Making Decisions
Learning the Skill
When you make a decision, you are making a choice
between alternatives. In order to make that choice, you
must be informed and aware. There are five key steps
you should follow that will help you through the process
of making decisions. 
• Identify the problem. What are you being asked to
choose between? 
• Gather information to identify and consider various
alternatives that are possible.
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Making Decisions
Learning the Skill (cont.)
• Determine the consequences for each alternative.
Identify both positive and negative consequences. 
• Evaluate the consequences. Consider both the
positive and negative consequences for each
alternative. 
• Determine which alternative seems to have more
positive than negative consequences. Then make
your decision.
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Making Decisions
Practicing the Skill
Decisions throughout history have affected the outcome of
events and defined history as we know it today. Identify
the alternatives and describe their consequences for each
of the following events that occurred after World War II.
Each of these events took place as a result of a decision
made by a person or a group of people.
Making Decisions
Practicing the Skill (cont.)
1. Britain and the United States recognize the Sovietbacked government that takes control in Poland.
Nonrecognition leads to tension and possible war.
2. The United States orchestrates the Berlin airlift to
assist residents of West Berlin after Stalin cuts off
surface transportation bringing supplies from the
West.
No airlift makes Berlin residents suffer and the
United States look weak.
Click the mouse button or press the
Space Bar to display the answers.
Making Decisions
Practicing the Skill (cont.)
3. The Marshall Plan for rebuilding war-torn Western
Europe is approved.
No Marshall Plan hurts Europe’s economy and
its political stability.
4. President Truman relieves General Douglas
MacArthur of his command because of
insubordination.
Leaving MacArthur in command might lead to war with
China and greater American involvement in Asia.
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Symbols of the Cold War
Objectives
After viewing “Symbols of the Cold War,” you should: 
• Know that a “cold war” is one that doesn’t involve
physical battles. 
• Recognize that U.S. leaders
during the Cold War era
thought the spread of
communism threatened
stability around the world. 
• Consider how fear affects
beliefs and actions.
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Symbols of the Cold War
Discussion Questions
What were some symbols of the Cold War?
Cold War symbols include the Iron Curtain,
McCarthyism, the Berlin Airlift, the atomic
bomb, fallout shelters, the Space Race,
blacklisting, and the Korean War.
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Symbols of the Cold War
Discussion Questions
Why was the U.S. concerned about the
Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik?
With the launch of a Soviet satellite, the
U.S. feared an atomic attack from space.
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No. Few Communists
were actually found.
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