Download Chapter 19 - Central Dauphin School District

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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 Celtic Ireland
SECTION 2 Christianity
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
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Overview
• Chapter 19 discusses the development of
civilization in the British Isles. 
– Section 1 describes the development
of an independent Celtic culture
in Ireland. 
– Section 2 explains the development
of English government and society
under the Anglo-Saxon kings.
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• summarize what life was like in
Celtic Ireland. 
• describe how Christianity developed in
both Ireland and England. 
• explain why the Anglo-Saxons united
under Alfred the Great. 
• describe what life was like in AngloSaxon England.
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Read to Discover
• How Rome influenced the area known
today as the British Isles 
• What life was like in Celtic Ireland 
• How Christianity developed in Ireland
and England 
• Why the Anglo-Saxons united under Alfred
the Great 
• What life was like in Anglo-Saxon England
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the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 289 of your textbook.
Terms to Learn
• coracles 
• shires 
• sheriff 
• king’s peace 
• witenagemot 
• witan 
People to Know
• Saint Patrick 
• Saint Columba 
• Pope Gregory I 
• Ethelbert 
• Bede 
• Alfred the Great 
Places to Locate
• British Isles 
• Kent 
• Wessex 
• Daneland
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Why It’s Important
Off the west coast of Europe lies a group of islands that never
became part of Charlemagne’s empire. Known today as the
British Isles, they consist of Great Britain, Ireland, and many
smaller islands.
Roman legions led by Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 B.C.
The Romans eventually conquered much of the island and
ruled it for almost 400 years. The Romans had difficulties ruling
some of the area. A conquered people called Celts were not
interested in or influenced by Roman culture.
During the 300s A.D. Roman soldiers were called home to
defend the empire’s borders against the Germanic invasions.
After 410 A.D., the island was overrun by groups from northern
Germany and Denmark, called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.
These groups united to become The Anglo-Saxons. They built
settlements and set up several small kingdoms. The southern
part of Britain soon became known as Angleland, or England.
The people became known as the English.
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Celtic Ireland
• When the Anglo-Saxons came, most of the
Celts who lived in Britain fled to Ireland. 
• Ireland became the major center of Celtic
culture where clans of people farmed and
raised cattle. 
• Seafaring Irish made boats large enough
to hold 30 people, called coracles, by
stretching cow hides over a wooden
frame. 
• The Irish remained free of Germanic attacks
because their island was located farther out
in the Atlantic Ocean than Britain.
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the information. Section 1 begins on page 289 of your textbook.
Celtic Ireland (cont.)
• Saint Patrick, who was born in Britain in
the 400s A.D., founded the Irish Church. 
• Ireland lost contact with Rome during
the Germanic invasions of the Roman
Empire. 
• The monasteries became centers
of Irish life. 
• Church organization was weak,
however, because of poor transportation
and communication.
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Celtic Ireland (cont.)
• Saint Columba, one of the best-known
monks, set up a monastery on Iona, an
island off the west coast of Scotland. 
• Monks from Iona went to northern
England to preach to the Anglo-Saxons;
other went to northern Europe, where they
built monasteries and churches. 
• They helped spread Christianity and
learning throughout Charlemagne's
empire.
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Section Assessment
How did the Irish earn a living?
Most Irish earned a living by farming,
raising cattle, trading, and fishing.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Why did Irish monasteries take
charge of their own affairs?
Irish monasteries took charge of their
own affairs because Ireland lost
contact with Rome during the
Germanic invasions of the Roman
Empire.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Predicting Consequences What
might have happened in Britain if
the Romans had not left in 410
A.D.?
The Romans might have defeated
the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes when
they crossed over to Britain, and
Roman culture would have remained.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on page
291 of your textbook, and use it to
show the cause and effects of Irish
isolation from Germanic invasions.
The cause of the Irish isolation was it
was an island located farther out in the
Atlantic Ocean than Britain. The effects
were it attracted scholars, artists,
merchants, and monks seeking peace
and safety; lost contact with Rome;
Irish abbots took control of
monasteries; monasteries became the
center of Irish life.
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Christianity
• Ireland was Christian, but the Anglo-Saxon
kingdoms of Britain followed the Germanic
religions. 
• In 597 A.D., Pope Gregory I sent a mission
of 41 monks from Rome to England under
the leadership of Augustine to convert the
Anglo-Saxons to Christianity 
• Ethelbert, the king of Kent, allowed
Augustine to build a church in the town of
Canterbury. 
• One monk, Bede, was a great scholar and
wrote the first history of the English people.
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the information. Section 2 begins on page 292 of your textbook.
Alfred the Great
• About 835 A.D., bands of Danes began
attacking the coast of England to make
permanent settlements. 
• The English kingdoms decided to resist the
invaders. They chose Alfred, King of
Wessex, who later became known as
Alfred the Great, to resist the invaders. 
• As Alfred was never strong enough to
completely drive the Danes from England,
he signed a treaty with them. 
• Alfred had London rebuilt after destruction
by the Danes.
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The Government
• The government of Anglo-Saxon England
centered on the king who was elected by a
council of lords. 
• Since the central government was too weak
to govern the whole country, the king set up
local governments divided into districts
called shires. 
• Each shire was run by a sheriff, who was a
local noble chosen by the king. 
• The king and his household moved around;
the area the royal household was in was
under the king's peace, or royal protection.
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The Government (cont.)
• A group of nobles and church leaders,
known as the witenagemot, met with the
king to advise and act as a court. 
• Each member of the group was known as
a witan, or wiseman. 
• The group approved laws drawn up by the
king and his household.
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The People
• The people in Anglo-Saxon England were
generally divided into two classes–nobles
and peasants. 
• An Anglo-Saxon became a noble by birth or
as a reward for special service to the king. 
• Nobles had to attend the witenagemot, keep
peace in local areas, and serve the king in
war. 
• The king rewarded nobles with gifts of gold,
silver, horses, weapons, and estates.
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The People (cont.)
• The peasants lived in huts in small villages
on the estate and did not own their own
land. 
• They helped each other farm the noble's
land by sharing tools and oxen.
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Section Assessment
How did Christianity come to the
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England?
Pope Gregory I sent Augustine and
other monks to England to convert
the Anglo-Saxons. After King
Ethelbert converted, other people
quickly accepted the religion.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
What did Alfred do to unite AngloSaxon England?
He defeated the Danes, built ships,
constructed fortresses, and set forth
new laws.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Drawing Conclusions Why do you
think Alfred was given the title of
“the Great”?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one on
page 296 of your textbook, and use
it to record the things that nobles
and peasants gave to each other.
The nobles gave land and protection to
the peasants, and the peasants gave
their labor and part of their crops to the
nobles.
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the answer.
Chapter Summary & Study Guide
• After Roman legions left Britain in 410 A.D., it
was overrun by the Angles, Saxons, and
Jutes, who united to become the
Anglo-Saxons. 
• After the Anglo-Saxons drove most of the
Celts from Britain, Ireland became a center
of Celtic culture. 
• Monasteries became centers of Irish life. 
• In 597 A.D., Pope Gregory I sent monks to
England, and by 700 A.D. England had
become Christian.
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the information.
Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• When bands of Danes began raiding
England in the 800s, the Anglo-Saxons
united behind Alfred the Great. 
• English kings directed the central
government, but they relied on help from
local governments, nobles, and church
leaders.
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the information.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why did the Romans have trouble
ruling Britain?
They could not win over the Celts.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why did Roman rule in Britain
crumble during the 300s A.D. ?
It crumbled because Roman soldiers
were called home to defend the
empire’s borders against the
Germanic invasions.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What happened to Britain when the
Roman legions left?
It was gradually overrun by Angles,
Saxons, and Jutes.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What country became the major
center of Celtic culture?
Ireland became the major center of
Celtic culture.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why did the Irish church turn to its
abbots for leadership?
It turned to them because Ireland lost
contact with Rome and the Pope
during the Germanic invasions.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why did Alfred the Great pay the
Danes to leave England alone?
Alfred the Great paid the Danes to
leave England alone to gain time to
build a stronger army.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why did the king set up local
governments in England?
The king set up local governments in
England because the central
government was too weak to govern
the whole country.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What were the duties of nobles?
They had to attend the witenagemot,
keep peace, and serve the king in war.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
What effect did the Germanic
invasions of the Roman Empire
have on the history of England?
They forced Roman soldiers to be
called home, which allowed Angles,
Saxons, and Jutes to overrun
the island.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
How did Ireland’s location affect
the development of Celtic culture?
Explain your answer.
Its isolation allowed it to remain free
of Germanic attacks. This allowed
Celtic culture to develop.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
Would you agree or disagree that
the king had too much power in
Anglo-Saxon England? Explain.
Answers will vary. Support your
reaction with examples.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
What parts of an Anglo-Saxon
noble’s life would you have
liked? What parts would you
not have liked?
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Geography in History
Movement Refer to the map on page
294 of your textbook, and determine
the most direct route from Edinburgh
to London. How far would a person
using this route have to travel? How
much farther would that person have
to travel to meet with priests of the
church in Canterbury?
They would have to travel about 310
miles on the shortest route and about
55 miles to meet with the priests.
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the answer.
Two Anglo-Saxon people were arguing.
One said, “My family has been here
since the Romans left the British Isles.
That makes my family the oldest.” The
other replied, “My family has been here
since the Celts fled to Ireland.” Whose
family history is the oldest?
Both of these events occurred at about
the same time so neither family is older.
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the answer.
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410 A.D.
Romans legions
leave Britain
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c. 700 A.D.
Beowulf is
written
597 A.D.
835 A.D.
Pope
Gregory I
sends monks
from Rome to
England
Danes begin
raiding England
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Alfred the Great
849 A.D.–899 A.D.
Anglo-Saxon King
Son of a Saxon king, Alfred led the
resistance against Danish invaders.
He made his kingdom the rallying point
for other kingdoms, paving the way for
the unification of England. In 886 A.D.,
he captured London and was soon
recognized as king of all England. One
of his greatest achievements was the
creation of a navy–the basis of
England’s future strength as a nation.
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The Book of Kells
Irish monks produced one of the
masterpieces of early Christian art–the
Book of Kells, a beautifully illustrated
version of the four gospels. The
illuminated manuscript was done in
the late 700s.
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Early History
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, begun in
the reign of Alfred the Great, records
events in England from the beginning
of the Christian era to the middle of
the 12th century. It is the earliest
known history of a European people
written in the vernacular, or everyday
spoken language.
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