Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL FOR 1st YEAR MEDICAL STUDENTS CHECK-UP English Through Medical Readings TSIALIS APOSTOLOS UNIT 1 Percutaneous Automated Diskectomy MEDICAL TERMS Match the medical terms in the box with their definitions: laminectomy incision rupture cicatrix percutaneous surgery tissue vertebra outpatient cannula hernia operation adhesion spinal cord 1._______________: performed through the skin, such as a biopsy, the aspiration of fluid from a space below the skin using a needle, catheter, and syringe, or the instillation of a fluid in a cavity or space by similar means. 2._______________: a cut produced surgically by a sharp instrument creating an opening into an organ or space in the body. 3. _______________: protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening in the muscle wall of the cavity that surrounds it. A _____ may be congenital, may result from the failure of certain structures to close after birth, or may be acquired later in life because of obesity, muscular weakness, surgery, or illness. Kinds of _____ include abdominal, diaphragmatic, femoral, inguinal etc. 4. _______________: a long, nearly cylindrical structure lodged in the vertebral canal and extending from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the upper part of the lumbar region. A major component of the central nervous system. 5. _______________: any one of the 33 bones of the spinal column, comprising the 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal. 6. _______________: 1. a tear or break in the continuity or configuration of an organ or body tissue, including those instances when other tissue 2 protrudes through the opening. 2. to cause a break or tear. 7. _______________: surgical removal of the bony arches of one or more vertebrae 8. _______________: 1. a patient, not hospitalized, who is being treated in an office, clinic, or other ambulatory care facility. 2. of or pertaining to a health care facility for patients who are not hospitalized or to the treatment or care of such a patient. 9. _______________: the branch of medicine concerned with diseases and trauma requiring operative procedures. 10. _______________: any surgical procedure, such as an appendectomy. 11. _______________: a flexible tube containing a stiff, pointed trocar that may be inserted into the body, guided by the trocar. As the trocar is removed, a body fluid may be passed through the _______ to the outside. 12. _______________: scar tissue that is avascular, pale, contracted, and firm after the earlier phase of skin healing characterized by redness and softness. 13. _______________: a collection of similar cells acting together to perform a particular function. 14. _______________: a band of scar tissue that binds together two anatomic surfaces that are normally separate from each other. __________ are most commonly found in the abdomen, where they form after abdominal surgery, inflammation, or injury. VOCABULARY Study the meaning of the following words and expressions and find words in the text, which mean more or less the same. The number refers to the line where the word first appears. 3 - erect ___________ 7 - of or like pulp ___________ 3 8 - to protect with soft material ___________ 11 - extremely painful ___________ 13 - destroyed ___________ 22 - small ___________ 26 - passed through without difficulty ___________ 26 - a test ___________ 27 - considerable ___________ 34 - having the interior empty ___________ 39 - to pass cautiously through ___________ 39 - a mechanical tool ___________ 48 - to clean by a rush of water ___________ 53 - a small, waterproof sticking plaster ___________ 84 - to be unsuccessful ___________ 86 - to attach firmly ___________ 88 - to have pain ___________ 4 UNIT 2 A DEVICE THAT CAN SAVE CARDIAC PATIENTS MEDICAL TERMS Match the medical terms in the box with their definitions: transplant blood cell ventricle corpuscle ailment atrium aorta vessel bile CCU femoral blood myocardial FDA external iliac artery artery vessel infarction 1. _______________: an extension of the external iliac artery into the lower limb, starting just distal to the inguinal ligament and ending at the junction of the middle and lower thirds of the thigh. 2. _______________: a division of the common iliac artery descending into the thigh and becoming the femoral artery. The external iliac supplies the lower limb and is larger than the internal iliac. 3. _______________: the main trunk of the systemic arterial circulation, comprising four parts: the ascending _____, the arch of the _____, the thoracic portion of the descending _____, and the abdominal portion of the descending _____. 4. _______________: a small cavity, such as one of the cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, or the right and the left __________ of the heart. 5. _______________: to transfer an organ or tissue from one person to another or from one body part to another to replace a diseased structure, to restore function, or to change appearance. Skin and kidneys are the most frequently transplanted structures; others include cartilage, bone, corneal 5 tissue, portions of blood vessels and tendons, and, recently, hearts and livers. Preferred donors are identical twins or people having the same blood type and immunologic characteristics. 6. _______________: any disease or physical disorder or complaint, generally of a chronic, acute, or mild nature. 7. _______________: any one of the many tubules throughout the body conveying fluids, such as blood and lymph. The main kinds of ______ are the arteries, the veins, and the lymphatic vessels. 8. _______________: any one of the network of muscular tubes that carry blood. Kinds of blood ________ are arteries, arterioles. 9. _______________: a federal agency responsible for the enforcement of federal regulations regarding the manufacture and distribution of food, drugs, and cosmetics as protection against the sale of impure or dangerous substances. 10. _______________: a specially equipped hospital area designed for the treatment of patients with sudden, life-threatening cardiac conditions, as myocardial infarction. Such units contain resuscitation and monitoring equipment and are staffed by personnel especially trained and skilled in recognizing and immediately responding to cardiac emergencies. 11. _______________: necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by obstruction in a coronary artery from either atherosclerosis or an embolis. Also called heart attack. 12. _______________: any of the formed elements of the blood, including red cells (erythrocytes), white cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Blood cells constitute about 50% of the total volume of the blood. 13. _______________: 1. any cell of the body. 2. a red or white blood cell. 14. _______________: a bitter, yellow-green secretion of the liver. Stored in the gallbladder, it passes from the gallbladder through the common bile duct in response to the presence of a fatty meal in the duodenum. Bile emulsifies these fats, preparing them for further digestion and absorption in the small 6 intestine. 15. _______________: a chamber or cavity, such as the right and left atria of the heart or the nasal cavity (also auricle). VOCABULARY Study the meaning of the following words and expressions and find words in the text, which mean more or less the same. The number refers to the line where the word first appears. 2 - to cure __________ 7 - to assume __________ 8 - six __________ 10 - taking up a lot of space __________ 10 - dangerous __________ 15 - one who has just arrived __________ 17 - to assume; to take on __________ 23 - meeting-point of abdomen and thigh __________ 29 - thin __________ 29 - an insulated conductor for conveying energy __________ 29 - to join; to connect __________ 31 - sick, suffering from a disease __________ 31 - to turn rapidly round and round __________ 75 - to rotate rapidly __________ 78 - until now __________ 79 - a disadvantage __________ 7 UNIT 3 A crippling orthopaedic disease MEDICAL TERMS Match the medical terms in the box with their definitions: kyphosis fixation contracture orthopedics lordosis flexion sacrum occiput 1. _______________: a branch of medicine that is concerned with the prevention and correction of disorders of the locomotor system of the body, including the skeleton, muscles, joints, and related tissues. 2. _______________: 1. the normal curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine, seen as an anterior concavity, (concave= it curves inward in the center), if the person is observed from the side. 2. an abnormal, increased degree of curvature of any part of the back. 3. _______________: an abnormal condition of the vertebral column, characterized by increased convexity (convex= it curves outwards in the center) in the curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side. Conservative treatment consists of spine-stretching exercises and sleeping without a pillow, with a board under the mattress. 4. _______________: the large, triangular bone at the dorsal part of the pelvis, inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. The base of the _______ articulates with the last lumbar vertebra, and its apex articulates with the coccyx; various muscles attach to its spinal crest. 5. _______________: the back part of the head. 6. _______________: 1. a movement allowed by certain joints of the skeleton that decreases the angle between two adjoining bones, such as bending the elbow, which decreases the angle between the humerus and the ulna. Compare extension. 8 7. _______________: (in psychoanalysis) an arrest at a particular stage of psychosexual development, such as anal __________. 8. _______________: an abnormal, usually permanent condition of a joint, characterized by flexion and fixation and caused by atrophy and shortening of muscle fibers or by loss of the normal elasticity of the skin, such as from the formation of extensive scar tissue over a joint. VOCABULARY Study the meaning of the following words and expressions and find words in the text, which mean more or less the same. The number refers to the line where the word first appears. 3 - to disable; seriously handicap __________ 3 - an illness __________ 4 - to make flat __________ 6 - to push forcefully __________ 9 - whole, complete __________ 11 - point of development __________ 11 - to curve, to incline __________ 13 - to incapacitate __________ 16 - a difficult or unpleasant position or situation __________ 18 - to make able __________ 24 - to be found; to happen __________ 32 - in addition to __________ 33 - to attack __________ 40 - not able __________ 44 - to conquer __________ 49 - area, position __________ 52 - to throw out of balance __________ 9 Unit 4 Deciphering the genetic code; Gene therapy MEDICAL TERMS Match the medical terms in the box with their definitions: Genome geneticist Huntington's chorea Gene DNA Tay-Sachs disease anemia 1. _______________: the biologic unit of genetic material and inheritance. The gene is now considered to be a particular nucleic acid sequence within a DNA molecule that occupies a precise locus on a chromosome and is capable of self-replication. 2. _______________: a large nucleic acid molecule, found principally in the chromosomes of the nucleus of a cell, that is the carrier of genetic information. The genetic information is coded in the sequence of the nitrogenous, molecular subunits that are constituents of the deoxyribonucleic acid molecule. 3. _______________: the complete set of genes in the chromosomes of each cell of a particular organism. 4. _______________: a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood to levels below the normal range of 4.2 million/mm3 to 6.1 million/mm3. It may be caused by a decrease in red cell production, increased red cell destruction, or blood loss. OBSERVATIONS: Depending on severity, __________ may be accompanied by clinical findings that stem from the diminished oxygencarrying capacity of the blood. Signs include fatigue, exertional dyspnea, dizziness, headache, insomnia, and pallor. Anorexia, dyspepsia, palpitations, tachycardia, cardiac dilatation, and systolic murmurs also may occur. Iron deficiency is the most common etiology factor. 10 5. _______________: ,one who specializes in the study or application of genetics. 6. _______________: a rare, abnormal hereditary condition characterized by chronic, progressive chorea and mental deterioration that terminates in dementia. An individual afflicted with the condition usually shows the first signs in the fourth decade of life and dies usually within 15 years. The condition is transmitted as an autosomal trait. There is no known effective treatment but symptoms can be relieved with medications. 7. _______________: an inherited, neurodegenerative disorder of lipid metabolism caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hexosaminidase A, which results in the accumulation of sphingolipids in the brain. The condition, which is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, occurs predominantly in families of Eastern European Jewish origin, specifically the Ashkenazi Jews, and is characterized by progressive mental and physical retardation and early death. Symptoms first appear by 6 months of age, after which no new skills are learned and there is progressive loss of those skills already acquired. Convulsions and atrophy of the optic nerve head occur after 1 year, followed by blindness, with a cherry-red spot on each retina, spasticity, dementia, and paralysis. Most children die between 2 and 4 years of age. There is no specific therapy for the condition, and intervention is purely symptomatic and supportive. VOCABULARY Study the meaning of the following words and expressions and find words in the text, which mean more or less the same. The number refers to the line where the word first appears. title - a prolonged search __________ 1 - to begin; to set in motion __________ 1 - to represent on a map __________ 2 - to translate from code __________ 4 - a fixed look with eyes wide-open __________ 11 - to fold __________ 23 - the object of effort __________ 28 - to make persistent attempts to sell __________ 45 - very __________ 11 45 - a thing (often worthless) __________ 73 - an easy task __________ 74 - simple __________ 74 - difficult; full of obstacles __________ 75 - hard or unpleasant work __________ 87 - to refer to __________ 97 - very much __________ 99 - nevertheless __________ 12 UNIT 5 Atherosclerosis: Reversing the damage MEDICAL TERMS Match the medical terms in the box with their definitions: blood clot arteriosclerosis embolus herpes simplex diabetes atherosclerosis thrombus cholesterol 1. _______________: a common arterial disorder characterized by thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls, resulting in a decreased blood supply, especially to the cerebrum and lower extremities. 2. _______________: a common arterial disorder characterized by yellowish plaques of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris in the inner layers of the walls of large and medium-sized arteries. The vessel walls become thick, fibrotic, and calcified, and the lumen narrows, resulting in reduced blood flow to organs normally supplied by the artery. Atheromatous lesions are major causes of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and other cardiac disorders. ______________ usually occurs with aging and is often associated with obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. 3. _______________: a clinical condition characterized by the excessive excretion of urine. 4. _______________: an infection caused by a herpes simplex virus (HSV), which has an affinity for the skin and nervous system and usually produces small, transient, irritating, and sometimes painful fluid-filled blisters on the skin and mucous membranes. 5. _______________:a semisolid, gelatinous mass, the end result of the clotting process in blood. Red cells, white cells, and platelets are enmeshed in an insoluble fibrin network of the blood clot. Compare embolus, thrombus. 13 6. _______________:a foreign object, a quantity of air or gas, a bit of tissue or tumor, or a piece of a thrombus that circulates in the bloodstream until it becomes lodged in a vessel. Kinds of _________ include air and fat ________. 7. _______________: an aggregation of platelets, fibrin, clotting factors, and the cellular elements of the blood attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery, sometimes occluding the lumen of the vessel. 8. _______________: a fat-soluble crystalline steroid alcohol found in animal fats and oils, and egg yolk, and widely distributed in the body. VOCABULARY Study the meaning of the following words and expressions and find words in the text, which mean more or less the same. The number refers to the line where the word first appears. 4 - to assemble or collect __________ 7 - to swell outwards __________ 17 - to mark with a scar __________ 22 - part of blood which thickens and separates from the serum __________ 23 - to press firmly; to hold together with a clamp __________ (a clamp - a metal or wood fastening for holding things firmly together) 30 - a drop; a globule __________ 36 - to lift by using a scoop __________ (a scoop - a shovel for lifting and moving liquids or loose substances) 38 - to accumulate __________ 41 - to initiate a violent or destructive process by a comparatively small act _________ 62 - to produce __________ 14 UNIT 6 Exercises in modern medicine MEDICAL TERMS Match the medical words in the box with their definitions: rehabilitation physiologist asthma nurse clinician cystic fibrosis occupational therapist physical medicine ischemic heart disease 1. _______________: a respiratory disorder characterized by recurring episodes of paroxysmal dyspnea, wheezing on expiration/inspiration due to constriction of the bronchi, coughing, and viscous mucoid bronchial secretions. 2. _______________: an inherited disorder of the exocrine glands, causing those glands to produce abnormally thick secretions of mucus, elevation of sweat electrolytes, increased organic and enzymatic constituents of saliva, and overactivity of the autonomic nervous system. 3. _______________: a pathologic condition of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen reaching the tissue cells. 4. _______________: a nurse who is prepared to identify and diagnose problems of clients by using increased knowledge and skills gained through advanced study in a specific area of nursing practice. The specialist may function independently within standing orders or protocols and collaborates with associates to implement a plan of care that is focused on the client. 5. _______________: the restoration of an individual or a part to normal or near normal function after a disabling disease, injury, addiction, or incarceration. 6. _______________: the use of physical therapy techniques to return 15 physically diseased or injured patients to a useful life. 7. _______________: a person who specializes in the science of living organisms. 8. _______________: The OT is concerned with the evaluation, diagnosis, and/or treatment of people whose ability to cope with activities of daily living is impaired by physical injury, illness, emotional disorder, congenital or developmental disability, or aging. Services include the design, fabrication, and application of orthoses; guidance in the selection and use of adaptive equipment; therapeutic activities to enhance functional performance; prevocational evaluation and training; and consultation concerning the adaptation of physical environment for the handicapped. VOCABULARY Study the meaning of the following words and expressions and find words in the text, which mean more or less the same. The number refers to the line where the word first appears. 1 - to order (especially medical treatment) __________ 3 - an abundance __________ 8 - expecting a baby __________ 8 - approaching old age __________ 8 - invalid 's chair on wheels __________ 8 - to restrict; to limit __________ 9 - to put forward __________ 12 - to do good to __________ 18 - to educate or instruct by systematic practice __________ 22 - to summarize __________ 24 - disposition to do as you are asked __________ 26 - a set of facts or figures arranged in lines or columns __________ 28 - a quick look __________ 30 - excellent __________ 32 - famous __________ 39 - to make use of __________ 40 - the professional activity of a doctor or lawyer etc. __________ 43 - to stay in good condition by exercising __________ 44 - a profit __________ 16 UNIT 7 The factors causing diabetes MEDICAL TERMS Match the medical terms in the box with their definitions: ketoacidosis pancreas autoimmune ketone islands of Langerhans IDDM beta cells glucose coma 1. _______________:an inability to metabolize carbohydrate caused by an overt insulin deficiency, occurring in children and adults. Recent evidence suggests that insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus may be caused by environmental factors, such as a viral infection or autoimmune disease. 2. _______________: an organic chemical compound characterized by having in its structure a carbonyl, or keto, group, =CO, attached to two alkyl groups. It is produced by oxidation of secondary alcohols. 3. _______________: acidosis accompanied by an accumulation of ketones in the body, resulting from faulty carbohydrate metabolism. It occurs primarily as a complication of diabetes mellitus and is characterized by a fruity odor of acetone on the breath, mental confusion, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, weight loss, and, if untreated, coma. 4. _______________: a fish-shaped, grayish pink nodular gland that stretches transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions of the body and secretes various substances, such as digestive enzymes, insulin, and glucagon. About 1 million endocrine cellular islets or islands of Langerhans are embedded between the exocrine units of the pancreas. Beta cells of the islands secrete insulin, which helps control carbohydrate metabolism. Alpha cells of the islets secrete glucagon 17 that counters the action of insulin. The acinar units of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes. 5. _______________: clusters of cells within the pancreas that produce insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide. They form the endocrine portion of the gland and their hormonal secretions released into the bloodstream are balanced, important regulators of carbohydrate metabolism. The islands of Langerhans are scattered throughout the pancreas; the beta cells, which secrete insulin, usually appear in the center of each of the lobules. Alpha cells secrete glucagon, and pancreatic peptide cells secrete pancreatic peptide. 6. _______________: insulin-producing cells situated in the islets of Langerhans. 7. _______________: a simple sugar found in certain foods, especially fruits, and a major source of energy occurring in human and animal body fluids. 8. _______________: pertaining to the development of an immune response (autoantibodies or cellular immune response) to one's own tissues. 9. _______________: a state of profound unconsciousness, characterized by the absence of spontaneous eye openings, response to painful stimuli, and vocalization. VOCABULARY Study the meaning of the following words and expressions and find words in the text, which mean more or less the same. The number refers to the line where the word first appears. 1 - afflicted __________ 10 - act of surviving; being alive after and in spite of a danger __________ 16 - that destroys or damages greatly __________ 27 - basic __________ 29 - rapidity __________ 30 - to originate from __________ 36 - to make clear; to make more easily understandable __________ 18 46 - to begin __________ 47 - an indication __________ 47 - at the beginning __________ 54 - adult life __________ 55 - beginning __________ 60 - a number of things grouped together or growing together __________ 60 - shaped like a sphere __________ 61 - a small island __________ 62 - to disperse __________ 64 - not to kill __________ 65 - to form __________ 66 - central part __________ 66 - to direct a weapon or blow towards an object to be hit __________ 68 - any substance used to produce heat by burning it __________ 72 - to cause __________ 74 - a mark of genuineness __________ 78 - to die of hunger __________ 78 - abundance __________ 79 - provisions kept for future need __________ 86 - to stop __________ 94 - to make worse __________ 96 - to provide a house or shelter for __________ 100 - a thin, broad piece __________ 101 - to fix __________ 19 VIDEO LESSON fibrillation [L, fibrilla, small fiber, atio, process],involuntary recurrent contraction of a single muscle fiber or of an isolated bundle of nerve fibers. Fibrillation of a chamber of the heart results in inefficient random contraction of that chamber and disruption of the normal sinus rhythm of the heart. Fibrillation is usually described by the part that is contracting abnormally, such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation. aneurysm [Gk, aneurysma, widening],a localized dilatation of the wall of a blood vessel, usually caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension, or, less frequently, by trauma, infection, or a congenital weakness in the vessel wall. Aneurysms are common in the aorta but also occur in peripheral vessels and are fairly common in the lower extremities of older people, especially in the popliteal arteries. An aneurysm may rupture, causing hemorrhage, or thrombi may form in the dilated pouch and give rise to emboli that may obstruct smaller vessels. CAT, abbreviation for computerized axial tomography. hypothermia [Gk hypo + therme heat], 1. an abnormal and dangerous condition in which the temperature of the body is below 95° F (35° C), usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold. Respiration is shallow and slow, and the heart rate is faint and slow. The person is very pale and may appear to be dead. People who are very old or very young, people who have cardiovascular problems, and people who are hungry, tired, or under the influence of alcohol are most susceptible to hypothermia. Treatment includes slowly warming the person. Hospitalization is necessary for evaluating and treating any metabolic abnormalities that may result from hypothermia. 2. the deliberate and controlled reduction of body temperature with cooling mattresses or ice as preparation for some surgical procedures. hemorrhage [Gk, haima + rhegnynei, to break forth],a loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time, either externally or internally. Hemorrhage may be arterial, venous, or capillary. mutant /myφ'tζnt/ [L, mutare, to change],1. any individual or organism with genetic material that has undergone mutation. mutation [L, mutare, to change],an unusual change in genetic material 20 occurring spontaneously or by induction. The alteration changes the original expression of the gene. Genes are stable units, but when a mutation occurs, it often is transmitted to future generations. -mutate, v., mutational, adj. cryonics [Gk, kryos, cold],the techniques in which cold is applied for a variety of therapeutic goals, including brief local anesthesia, destruction of superficial skin lesions, and preservation of cells, tissue, organs, or the entire body. -cryonic, adj. pacemaker [L, passus, step; AS, macian, to make],also called cardiac pacemaker. an electric apparatus used for maintaining a normal sinus rhythm of myocardial contraction by electrically stimulating the heart muscle. A pacemaker may be permanent or temporary, emit the stimulus at a constant and fixed rate, or it may fire only on demand, when the heart does not spontaneously contract at a minimum rate. bypass [AS, bi, alongside; Fr, passer],1. any one of various surgical procedures to divert the flow of blood or other natural fluids from normal anatomic courses. A bypass may be temporary or permanent. Bypass surgery is commonly performed in the treatment of cardiac and GI disorders. 21 WORKSHEET VIDEO 1 Time: 45 min MEDICAL TERMS scalpel lancet serum epicardium stitches procedure treatment suspended animation fibrilate aneurysm donor aggressive cardiomyoplasty anaesthesia hypothermia haemorrhage clip breast implants bone marrow pacemaker operation clinically dead blood flow rupture estrotherapy homophobic reproductive parts penis medication AIDS research contagious mutant plastic surgeon oestrogen wound gynedysformia cardial arrest neurosurgery leaking vascular aneurysm 0-100 Centigrade or Celsius - 32-212 Fahrenheit 1) 35 C >> 35x1.8=63 >> 63+32 = 95 F 2) 95 F >> 95-32 = 63 >> 63/1.8 = 35 C 22