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Unit 4 Cell Reproduction Chapter 10, Pages 276-295 Cell Division and Mitosis • Why is cell division important? cells and many organisms start • All living things are made of _______ one as just _______ cell Cell division • Many-celled organisms grow because ______ _______ increases the ________ number of cells in an organism total growth stops cell division is still important, it replaces • Once ________ ______ worn out cells with ______ new cells old • One-celled organisms __________ reproduce through cell division Cell Division and Mitosis • A life cycle of living organisms begins with the organisms ____________, is followed by ________ formation growth and development, and finally ends in ________ death • Cells have their own life cycles events that take place from one cell • The cell cycle is a series of _______ _________ division to the next Cell cycle • The time it takes to complete a _______ ______ in not the same in all cells. Some take __________ minutes others take ________ hours Cell Division and Mitosis Cell Division and Mitosis Interphase • ___________a period of growth and development, where most of the life of any ___________ eukaryotic cell is spent divide are always in interphase, an • Cells that no longer _________ hereditary material and actively dividing cell copies its ___________ prepares for cell ________ division during interphase Hereditary material • Before a cell divides, a copy of the __________ ________ must be made so that each of the two new cells will get a complete copy ______ script for the actors • Like a director making copies of a _______ Cell Division and Mitosis nucleus divides, • After interphase, cell division begins. The _________ and then the ___________ cytoplasm separates to form two new cells Mitosis nucleus divides to from • _________-the process in which the __________ identical nuclei two _________ prophase • The steps of mitosis in order are named ___________, telophase metaphase ____________, ___________ anaphase and ___________ nucleus Chromosome • ______________-a structure in the __________ that contains hereditary material ___________ Cell Division and Mitosis duplicates interphase each chromosome ___________ • During ___________ • When the ________ nucleus is ready to divide, each duplicated chromosome coils tightly into two thickened, identical strands called ____________ chromatids Cell Division and Mitosis prophase the pairs of ____________ chromatids are fully visible • During __________, when viewed under a microscope. The ___________ nucleolus and the nuclear membrane disintegrate _________ centrioles move to opposite ends • Two small structures called ___________ Spindle fibers of the cell. Between them threadlike ________ _______ begin to stretch across the cell. plant cells form spindle fivers during mitosis but do not have • ________ centrioles Cell Division and Mitosis metaphase the pairs of chromatids line up across the • In ___________ _______ center if the cell centromere of each pair usually becomes attached to two • The ____________ side of the cell spindle fibers-one from each ______ anaphase each centromere ________ divides and the spindle fibers • In __________ begin to move to __________ opposite ends of the cell telophase spindle fibers start to disappear, the • In ___________ uncoil and a new ________ nucleus forms chromosomes start to _______, Cell Division and Mitosis cytoplasm • For most cells after the nucleus has divided, the ____________ cells are formed separates and tow new ______ animal cells the cell membrane pinches in the ________ middle • In ________ and the cytoplasm divides plant cells the appearance of a cell ______ plate tells you that • In _______ the cytoplasm is being divided. New cell _______ walls form along the cell plate, and new cell ____________ membranes develop inside the cell walls • After the division of cytoplasm, most new cells begin interphase Cell Division and Mitosis • Two important things to remember about mitosis nucleus 1. It is the division of the _________ produces two new nuclei that are _________ identical to each 2. It ___________ nucleus other and the original ________ number and ______ type of • Each new nucleus has the same _________ chromosomes 46 chromosomes, ____ 23 pairs • Human cells have _____ Cell Division and Mitosis • Returning to our script example, actors do not learn all the same lines, instead the each learn part of the script chromosomes but each uses different • A cells contain all the _______________ parts of the same ____________ material to become different hereditary types of cells Reproduction is the process by which an organism produces • _____________ others of its same kind two organisms • Sexual reproduction usually requires _____ Cell Division and Mitosis Asexual reproduction • __________ _________-a new organisms (sometimes more than one) is produces from _____ one organism identical to • The new organism will have hereditary material __________ parent organism the hereditary material of the ________ eukaryotic cells asexually reproduce by cell • Organisms with ___________ division strawberry plants reproduce asexually • Potatoes and ___________ Cell Division and Mitosis fission • Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process called ________ copied and then the cell divides into two • Genetic material is ________ _________ identical organisms Budding is a type of asexual reproduction made possible • _________ adult because of cell _________. When the bud on the _______ division becomes large enough it breaks away to live on its own Cell Division and Mitosis Regeneration is the process that uses cell division to regrow • _____________ _______ _____ Body parts pieces a whole organism will • Some organisms if broken into ________, grow from each piece _______ Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Sexual reproduction • __________ __________-is when two cells, sometimes called an ______ egg and a _______, sperm come together • _______ male reproductive organs sperm are formed in the ______ female reproductive organs Eggs are formed in the ________ • ______ Fertilization egg and a _______ sperm • ____________-the joining of an _____ Zygote fertilization • _________cell that forms from ____________ Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis body cells and sex cells • Your body forms two types of cells- _______ outnumber sex cells • Body cells far ____________ Diploid pairs of similar chromosomes. • _________-cells that have ______ body cells • Ex. _______ Haploid half the number of chromosomes • _________-cells that have ______ pairs as body cells. They do not have _______. • Ex. ______ 23 chromosomes sex cells, only have _____ Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Meiosis four • _________reproductive cell process that produces ______ haploid sex cells from one ________ diploid cell and ensures offspring chromosomes as the parent will have the same number of ______________ organism offspring will have the same • Meiosis ensures that the ___________ diploid number as its parent ________ Wildcats Share • What would happen in sexual reproduction if two diploid cells combined? The offspring would have twice as many chromosomes as its parents and would likely not survive Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis • Fill in the diagram Sperm (Haploid cell) Egg (Haploid cell) Fertilization Zygote forms (Diploid cell) Mitosis development baby Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis chromosome is duplicated, just as in • Before meiosis I each ______________ _________ mitosis Prophase I are similar to those of ___________ prophase • The events of ____________ in mitosis meiosis each duplicated chromosome comes • Difference: in _________ mate near its similar duplicated _______. This does NOT happen in Mitosis Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Metaphase I , the pairs of _____________ duplicated • In _____________ chromosomes center of the cell line up in the _________ centromere of each chromatid pair becomes attached to • The ______________ separate in the one spindle fiber, so the chromatids to not ___________ next step Anaphase I the two pairs of chromatids of each ________ similar • In ____________ pair move away from each other to __________ opposite ends of the cell • Each duplicated chromosome still has two ______________ chromatids Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Telophase I the ___________ cytoplasm divides and two new cells • In ____________ form chromosome from each • Each new cell has one duplicated ______________ similar pair Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Meiosis II • The two cells formed during meiosis I now begin __________ duplicated chromosome will be chromatids of each ___________ • The ___________ separated during this division Prophase II the duplicated chromosomes and spindle • In ___________, reappear fibers __________ in each new cell Metaphase II • In _____________ the duplicated chromosomes move to the center of the cell ________ centromere attaches to • Difference: In metaphase II each ___________ two instead of one, like in metaphase I _____ Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis Anaphase II centromere divides and the chromatids • In _____________ the ____________ __________ separate and move to opposite ends of the cell chromosome • Each chromatid is now an individual ________________ Telophase II begins the spindle fibers ___________ disappear and a • As ____________ __________ __________ forms around the chromosomes at Nuclear membrane each end of he cell cytoplasm divides when meiosis II is finished • The ____________ nucleus during meiosis results in four • The two divisions of the _________ sex cells, each a haploid Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis plants • Mistakes during meiosis are common in _________ but less common in _________ animals many or too • These mistakes produce sex cells with too _______ few chromosomes ______ zygotes produced from these sex cells die • Most ________ • If the zygote lives every cell in the organism that grows from that zygote usually will have the ________ wrong number of chromosomes and these organisms will not ________ grow normally DNA DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-the _________ genetic material of all • ______ organisms two twisted strands of sugar phosphate • Made up of ______ molecules and __________ nitrogen bases growth and • Contains information for an organisms _________ _______________ development DNA • History of DNA 1800’s scientists have known cells contain • Since the mid-________ nucleic acids molecules called_________ 1950 scientists had learned what ______ DNA was made of but • By _______ didn’t understand how the _______ parts were arranged X-ray 1952 Rosalind Franklin discovered using an ______ • In _______, technic that DNA is two chains of molecules in a _______ spiral form 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick made a model of • In _______, DNA, it looked like a ________ _______ Twisted ladder DNA Sugar-phosphate • Each side of the DNA ladder is made up of _________________ groups rungs of the ladder are made up of four different kinds of • The _______ _________ nitrogen bases adenine __________, guanine thymine and • The bases are called _________, _________, __________. They are represented by the letters A, G, T, and C. cytosine • These bases pair up on each rung of the ladder. Adenine always bonds with __________, and guanine always bonds with thymine _________ cytosine DNA unwind and • When DNA is duplicated the two sides of DNA ________ separate pattern on which a new side forms • Each side then becomes a ________ characteristics depend on the kids of • Most of your _______________ proteins __________ your cells make. DNA controls what proteins get made chromosome which contains Gene • _______section of DNA on a _____________, the instructions for making a specific protein DNA amino acids • Proteins are made of _________ gene determines the _______ order of the amino acids • The _______ order of amino acids makes a different • Changing the ________ protein _________ • What might occur if an important protein couldn’t be made or if the wrong protein was made in your cells? DNA nucleus but proteins are made on • Genes are found in the _________ cytoplasm ribosomes in the ___________ RNA (ribonucleic acid)-a type of ________ nucleic acid that carries • ______ codes for making __________ proteins from the nucleus to the ribosomes ___________ sawed in half • RNA is like a ladder with all its rungs ________ uracil (U) instead of thymine • RNA contains the base ________ DNA proteins • Not all cells use make the same _________ • In organisms, like you, each cell uses only some of the proteins that it thousands of genes that it has to make __________ __________ needs genes by turning some off and some on • Cells control ________ incorrect proteins are produced the organism cannot • If the __________ function normally DNA mistakes happen when DNA is being copied • Sometimes __________ Mutations permanent change in he DNA sequence of a • ___________-any ___________ gene or chromosome. Can be ___________ beneficial or harmful Outside factors can cause mutations • _________ variety • Mutations add _________ to a species when the organism ____________ reproduces
