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Transcript
The Greek City States I. Early Greeks A. Land & Sea 1. Balkan Peninsula Divided by short mountain ranges Seas provide for trade B. Early Greek Peoples* 1. Minoans – earliest known peoples 2. Traders and sailors 3. Accomplishments: a. Writing system b. Frescos c. Running water C.. Polis (City-States)* 1. Centered around a fort 2. Consisted of city, lands & farms surrounding 3. Represented a. Geographical territory b. Community c.. Political & economic independence 4. Similarities 1). Citizenship: males born in Greece 2). fort built on acropolis (hill) 3). agora (marketplace) 5. Separate identity 1). Government & laws 2). Calendar 3). Money 4). Weights & measurements 6. Same traits 1). Language (Greek) 2). Religious practices 3). Festivals II. Greek Society • A. Greek Culture • 1. Religious beliefs • a. Purposes • 1). Explain nature • 2). Explain irrational actions • 3). Benefits for living • 4). Afterlife is unimportant • b. Myths* • 1). Rationalization of world • 2). Oracles - priests & priestesses • a). Translate the wishes of the gods • c. Pleasing the gods* • 1). Show strength & bravery • a). Olympic Games honor Zeus 2. Literature* • a.Homer: Iliad • 1). Trojan War • b. Homer: Odyssey • 1). Post war story • B. Government • 1. Aristocracies* • a. Ruled by privileged class / group of nobles • 3. Hoplite • a. Wealthy non-aristocrat soldiers • 4. Tyrants • a. Took control w/ people’s support • c. Increased trade • d. Became unjust • e. Tyrant: someone who abuses power w/ brutality • 5. Popular government • a. Democracy - government by the people • b. Limited participation III. Sparta & Athens • A. Sparta • 1. . Government • a. 2 kings • 1). Lead army • 2). Conduct religious ceremonies • b. Ephors* • 1). 5 yearly elected men • 2). Charged w/ public affairs • 3). Guide education • 2. Social Classes • a. Aristocrats (equals) • b. Peroicci (half citizens)* • 1). Free, tax paying • 2). Artisans & Merchants • 3). Served in military • c. Helots - “captured” • 1). Worked the land • 2). Enslaved people owned by city-state • 3). 1/2 crops to land owner (aristocrats) • 4. Basic beliefs • a. Change is bad • b. Be the strongest military power B. Athens 1. Government a. Monarchy • b. Oligarchy 1). Small wealthy ruling class 2. 508 bce – Cleisthenes • 1) Direct Democracy* • 2) Council of 500 • a) 10 tribes - 50 men • b) 1 yr term - no more than 2 • c) Proposed laws to assembly • d) Athenian born men only IV. Daily life in Athens A. Athenian Economy 1. Farming 2. Trade 3. Public works* 1. Money spent on public buildings B. Social Structures 3. Men a. 7 y.o. – schooling b. Pedagogue taught manners c. 18 y.o. - formal citizen 4. Women* a. No rights: 1. No property rights 2. Not in public w/o permission C. Education 1. Memorization 2. Sophists - open schools for older boys* • a. Ethics: good/bad, moral duty • b. Rhetoric: public speaking / debate V. Greek Expansion • A. Persian Wars • Persians attempt to expand west • Battle of Thermopylae – story of 300 Spartans (Greece loses) • Battle at Salamis – Persians defeated by Athenian navy* • B. Delian League • 1. Defensive league • 2. Members gain benefits, lose independence • 3. Pericles uses money to benefit Athens* • D. Peloponnesian War (431 bc) • 1. Athens & Corinth fight over trade • 2. Athens & Sparta rivals • 3. Sparta lays siege to Athens • a. Sparta joins with Persia to stop Athenian supplies • 4. No unity for Greece VI. Greek Art The Golden Age “Beauty for the sake of beauty.” A. Architecture • 1. Parthenon - temple to Athena atop the Acropolis • a. Perfectly balanced • B. Painting • 1. Subject • a. Mythological events • 2. Style • a. Contour & depth (light/shade) • b. Showed simplicity and balance* • C. Sculpture • 1. Realistic & proportionate* • D. Greek Ideals • 1. Glorified the human being • 2. Pride in city-states • 3. Belief in harmony, balance, order & moderation • 4. Belief in combining beauty & usefulness VII. Philosophers & Writers* • Philosophy: the study of basic questions of reality and human existence • Began a new way of thinking about the world and society • Cosmologists – studied nature of the universe* • A. Socrates • 1. Education is key to personal growth • 2. Socratic Method - learning through questioning • 3. Students should learn to think for themselves* • B. Plato • 1. Student of Socrates • 2. Government should be aristocracy* • (intellectual upper class) • C. Aristotle • 1. Student of Plato • 2. Logical study leads to truth • 3. Ethics - what brings happiness D. Writing history 1. Herodotus - Father of History a. Noted observed vs. retold 2. Thucydides a. History should be fair and accurate* E. New Ideas a. Hippocrates – bases medicinal treatment on reason not magic* b. Thucydides VIII. Alexander the Great • A. Alexander the Great • 1. Desires to spread Greek culture* • • • 2. Student of Aristole • a. Science & philosophy important B. Alexander’s Empire • 1. Unifying Macedonians, Greeks & Persians • 2. Builds Alexandria • 3. Rules known world until death • a. 3 generals split kingdom C. Greek Influences* • 1. Greek methods for banking & business • 2. Art, architecture, and literature spread throughout known world* IX. Hellenistic Culture • Hellenistic: Greek-like: a blend of Greek, Mediterranean and Asian cultures A. Contributions: 1. Women’s rights to property 2. Increased the middle class* 3. Medicine a. autopsy criminal bodies b. learned from Egyptian practices* c. Hippcrates – believed in medicinal practices based on reason not on magic* • Lasting Impacts* • Democracy Things to know for the test!!!* Cultural diffusion •