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Motives for European
Exploration
1. Crusades = by-pass intermediaries to
get to Asia.
2. Renaissance = curiosity about other
lands and peoples.
3. Reformation = refugees &
missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of
revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
REASONS FOR
COLONIZATION
Seek Refuge: Many people sought refuge in the New
World to get away from persecution from their
homeland.
Religious Freedom: New World would provide an
opportunity for them to practice the religion they
wanted.
Economic Opportunity: Many people who came over
were poor in the Old World and New World offered a
chance at making a better life.
Progressive Gov’t: Moved away from a nonrepresentative and elitist gov’t into a more democratic
system.
A time of rebirth in Western
Civilization “intellectual
enlightenment”
Direct Causes = 3 G’s
Become a world power through gaining
wealth and land. (GLORY)
Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct
access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich
individuals and their nations (GOLD)
Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle
Eastern Muslims. (GOD)
Political:
The 3 motives reinforce each other
EUROPEAN
European COLONIZATION
Colonization
When the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four
European countries start to compete for control of
North America and the world:
Spain
English
France
Portugal
EUROPEAN COLONIZATION
The Portuguese were the first to begin
searching for an all water route to Asia…..
• Prince Henry the Navigator – 1450’s
Colonized the South America in the area of
what would become Brazil
EXPLORERS SAILING FOR PORTUGAL
Prince Henry the Navigator - Portugal Funded Exploration down coast of
Africa - 1419-1460
Vasco da Gama - Portugal - Opened
trade with India - Placed Portugal in
position to dominate trade with India 1498
Pedro Cabral - Portugal - Claimed
present day Brazil for Portugal – 1500
Started in Caribbean, then Central and South
America—most important was conquest of Aztecs
by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)
First permanent colonies in what will become United
States are founded by Spain
• St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to protect Spanish treasure
fleets
Explorers Sailing For Spain
Columbus - Italian sailing for Spain Landed in the “West Indies” - 1492
Magellan - Portuguese sailing for Spain 1st to circumnavigate the world - 1522
OTHER SPANISH EXPLORERS
Ponce De Leon - Established colony at Puerto Rico
- Sailed north looking for Fountain of Youth Discovered Florida - 1508
Vasco de Balboa - Established settlement in
Panama - 1st European to see Pacific Ocean - 1513
Francisco de Coronado - Explored north from
Mexico; up Colorado River; saw Grand Canyon 1540
Hernando de Soto - Explored Florida into Carolina’s
and west to the Mississippi River - 1541
EXPLORERS SAILING FOR SPAIN &
PORTUGAL
Amerigo Vespucci - Italian sailing for both Spain and Portugal - Sailed
to the America’s - Amerigo is his first name (where we get “America”) 1501
SPAIN COLONIES IN
AMERICA
The Spanish gov’t operated strict control over her colonies
Conquering of the Americas allowed Spain to become the most
powerful country in the 16th century
“We came here to serve God and King… and to get rich”
Not only disease, but civil wars and religious superstitions also
allowed the Europeans, namely the Spanish, to conquer the
Native Americans (who GREATLY outnumbered the explorers)
The advanced technology of the Europeans offered an
incredible advantage in combat
• Gunpowder, cannon, and bullets vs. bows and arrows
• Horses (transport and cavalry) and also pigs, cattle, and goats
(foodstuffs) played a very important role in conquest
THE SPREAD OF
CATHOLICISM
Catholic missionaries quickly spread to the Americas in
the wake of the conquistadors’ victories
The Natives were viewed as pagans and the Catholic
religion was in turn imposed upon the people
• The spreading epidemics were seen as the wrath of
God upon the pagans and justified the actions of the
god-fearing Spanish
Spain would never develop successful settlements (in
terms of trade and power) in US territory  mainly due to
its primary lust for gold and silver instead of developing
centers of trade
FRANCE COLONIES IN
AMERICA
The French government strictly controlled the colonies but
made little effort to encourage settlement
Because the fur trade was the basis of the colonial economy,
Indians became valued trading partners (not exploitive like
Spain)
Like the Spanish gov’t, the French were encouraged to
marry; mixed blood
ENGLISH COLONIES
IN AMERICA
• English colonization differed from Spanish &
French because the English gov’t had no
desire to create a centralized empire in the
New World
• Period of “Salutary Neglect”
• Different motivations by English settlers led
to different types of colonies
• New England, Middle and Southern
Colonies
ENGLISH COLONIES
IN AMERICA
• Jamestown 1607 is the very first settlement
• Becomes 1st permanent colonial town
• Powatan who inhabit the land…
• Coexist with Whites for a time
• Eventually, more and more whites
come leading to conflict
• are not as easily overcome
• Life is Jamestown is very very very tough
CONTRIBUTIONS TO
MOTHER COUNTRY
1. England -- Democratic forms of local
government; tradition of hard-working, zealous
individuals, English language
2. France -- Language, culture, and religion
introduced to Canada and Louisiana and many
Indians west of Appalachians; large-scale trade
with Indians
3. Spain -- Schools, hospitals, and printing presses
established by missionaries; Spanish language in
the Southwest; teaching of Christianity and
handicrafts to Native Americans.
Put this in
your notes –
label the
colonies by
name and by
region… then
staple or tape
the map into
your
notebook –
this should be
page 13
NEW ENGLAND
COLONIES
A.
Consisted of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
Connecticut and Rhode Island
B.
Geography: Soil was rocky and weather was cold thus
growing season was short
C.
Economy: Terrain did not allow for farming but fishing
became the thriving part of the coloy
D.
Gov’t: No separation of church and state; took religion
to the extreme (Separatists and Puritans) “Town
Meetings” offered a version of direct democracy
E.
The New England colonies were established for the
purpose of religious freedom, not profit
MIDDLE COLONIES
A.
Consisted of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and
Delaware
B.
Geography: Weather was warmer and growing season
longer Terrain was not rocky; ideal for farming.
C.
Economy: Called “bread colonies” due to high grain
export. Wheat, rye, corn, oats, barley and flour.
D.
Gov’t: Assembly that had all legislative power. They
were elected by members of colony (rich). Adopted “The
Charter of Privileges” guaranteed the principle of
religious toleration to all Protestants
SOUTHERN COLONIES
A.
Consisted of Maryland, N. Carolina, S. Carolina, Virginia,
and Georgia.
B.
Geography: Terrain was flat. Weather was hot and
humid, thus growing season was very long.
C.
Economy: Had the warmest colonies than the others;
farmers had great plantations where they grew tobacco
and rice. Supported by slave labor and farming. Primary
seaport for the southern colonies was Charleston, S.C;
growth of commerce.
D.
Gov’t: Positions in gov’t were dominated by planters and
farmers and consisted of only men and landowners
WHAT DID
THE
ENGLISH
COLONIES
LOOK LIKE
AT THE
END OF
THE 17TH
CENTURY?
TYPES OF COLONIES
Joint Stock – colonies granted to private
companies in the hopes of creating profits from
colonization
• Proprietary – land granted to individuals for
the purpose of creating colonies; the individuals
had the right then to grant land to whomever they
chose
• Royal – colonies headed by the English
crown/government itself
JAMESTOWN
First successful colony establish in 1607
The Profit Dilemma
– VA was a joint stock colony, and therefore the
Virginia Co. of London demanded immediate profits
• Settlers were pressured to look for gold and silver
rather than farm and hunt
• This bungling of priorities led to times of starvation
Starving Time)
John Smith- “If you don’t work, you don’t eat”
(The
MONEY……FINALLY
• John Rolfe and Tobacco
– Around 1613 Rolfe would develop a process for curing
tobacco that would remove most of its bitterness, making it
much more pleasant to smoke
– The demand for tobacco would quickly grown throughout
England and Europe
– The tobacco plant was very easy to grow in the VA
climate and environment
• Rolfe would also marry Pocahontas, bringing a very brief
period of peace between VA and the Powhatans
MERCANTILISM
There was a fixed amount of wealth in the world.
• Keeping trade completely within the Empire, becoming
economically self-sufficient, was an effective means of
protecting oneself from (and potentially dominating) one’s
enemies.
Because there was a fixed amount of wealth available in the
world as a whole, countries increased their own share of this
wealth only at the expense of their rivals.
BACON’S REBELLION
Indentured Servants
• Labor Force
• Serve 5-7 years for passage to New World
Freedman unable to own land; moved westward into Indian
territory
• Indian Tribes resisted white expansion
Governor Berkley refused to help freedman; Nathaniel
Bacon’s militia massacred Indians and chased Berkley out of
town
Significance?
ROOTS OF SLAVERY
Slaves were originally treated as indentured servants but the growing
black population in VA by 1672 prompted stricter slave laws:
• Africans were defined as slaves for life; slave status was passed on to
children
• By 1700, slavery was based exclusively on skin color
ORIGINS & DESTINATIONS OF
AFRICAN SLAVES, 1619-1760
ENLIGHTENMENT
Intellectual movement; emphasized reason, science, and
observation and led to the discovery of natural laws
• Generally we are good and it is our environment that
influences us
• The use of science and reason could answer life’s mysteries
• Science and reason could also answer man’s questions
concerning government and himself
GREAT AWAKENING
Revival of religion and an attempt to turn people back to God.
• A series of religious revivals aimed at restoring devotion
For the most part it was a reaction to the Enlightenment.
• Encouraged ideas of equality and right to challenge authority
• Birth of charity and charitable organizations
• Ivy League Schools