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Sociology Chapter 14 Education and Religion Preview Section 1: The Sociology of Education Section 2: The Sociology of Religion Chapter Wrap-Up Sociology Chapter 14 Section 1: The Sociology of Education Read to Discover • How do the views of functionalist, conflict, and interactionist sociologists differ concerning education? • What are some of the current issues in American education? Sociology Chapter 14 Section 1: The Sociology of Education • Functionalist—schools help maintain the stability and smooth operation of society • Conflict—the educational system serves to limit the potential of certain people and groups to gain power and social rewards • Interactionist—students’ educational achievements and success are shaped in part by teacher-student interactions Sociology Chapter 14 Section 1: The Sociology of Education Question What are some of the current issues in American education? Sociology Chapter 14 Section 1: The Sociology of Education To address a decline in the level of quality of education; has led to some improvements Current Issues in American Education Provides school choice through vouchers, charter schools, and options such as homeschooling • Educational reform •Educational alternatives •Violence in the schools •Bilingual education Has led to the use of security measures, zero tolerance policies, and conflictresolution programs Controversial, particularly in states with many Hispanics; has led to “English Only” movement Sociology Chapter 14 Section 2: The Sociology of Religion Read to Discover • What basic societal needs does religion serve? • What are the distinctive features of religion in American society? Sociology Chapter 14 Section 2: The Sociology of Religion • Social Cohesion—strengthening of bonds among people • Social Control—encourages conformity to the norms of society • Emotional Support—to provide emotional support during difficult times Sociology Chapter 14 Section 2: The Sociology of Religion Question What different belief systems are found around the world? Sociology Chapter 14 Section 2: The Sociology of Religion ANIMISM: Spirits active in human life but not worshipped; rituals thank or win spirits’ good will THEISM: Belief in god or gods; God is divine power worthy of worship Shamanism: Spirits communicate with one person (shaman); shamans can heal sick, predict future. Totemism: Kinship between humans and animals/natural objects—totems Monotheism: Belief in one god; examples: Judaism, Islam, Christianity; organized structure, priesthood, rituals Polytheism: Multiple gods; example: Hinduism; usually one powerful god and lesser gods ETHICALISM: Set of moral principles with sacred quality Involves meditation and purity of thought and action; examples: Buddhism, Shintoism, Confucianism Sociology Chapter 14 Section 2: The Sociology of Religion Question What are the distinctive features of religion in American society? Sociology Chapter 14 Section 2: The Sociology of Religion • Free from persecution • Culturally diverse • Highly valued but may be losing influence • Separation of church and state • Many believe in God but fewer are affiliated with religious organizations and even fewer attend services Sociology Chapter 14 Section 2: The Sociology of Religion • Most Americans are monotheistic • Protestants are most numerous, but the Roman Catholic Church is the largest single organization • Participation is rising in fundamentalist and evangelical Christian groups Sociology Chapter 14 Chapter Wrap-Up Understanding Main Ideas 1. Compare and contrast the functionalist, conflict, and interactionist views of educational issues such as tracking and the transmission of culture. 2. What steps have educational authorities taken to curb violence and other criminal activities in schools? 3. Why do you think religions differ from society to society? 4. What are the major features of religion in the United States?