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TOEFL Structure and Written Expression By Nargis TOEFL is Test of English as a Foreign Language. TOEFL Test is used to know someone’s ability in English. Many universities and companies use TOEFL scores to fulfill the foreign language requirement for candidates whose first language is not English. Subject Verb Agreement Subject-verb agreement The verb must agree with the subject in number and person. That means, a singular subject should be followed by a singular verb. Similarly, a plural subject should be followed by a plural verb. Subject separated from the verb • When taking the TOEFL, you must always check the subject and verb to be sure they are agree. However, sometimes it is difficult to decide exactly what the subject is if the subject and verb are separated • Example: • The boys in the room are studying • Plural Plural Subject + (prepositional phrase) + verb • Very often, if the subject and verb are separated, they will be separated by a prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase has no effect on the verb. • Subject + (prepositional phrase) + verb • The study of languages is very interesting. • Singular subject singular verb • The view of these disciplines varies from time to time • Singular subject singular verb • The fear of rape and robbery has caused many people to free the cities. • Singular subject singular verb Together with ; Along with; Accompanied by ; As well as • Those expression has no effect on the verb The actress, along with her manager and singular verb some friends, is going to a party tonight • Note : if the conjunction and is used instead of one of these phrases, the verb would then be plural. Example: • The actress and her manager are going to a party tonight. Plural subject plural • Exercise 1. The cost of all essential articles (has /have) risen. 2. John, along with twenty friends, (is/are) planning a party. 3. The picture of soldiers (bring/brings) back many memories. 4. The quality of these recordings (is/are) not very good. 5. If the duties of these officer (isn’t/aren’t) reduce, there will not be enough time to finish the project Exercise • Each of the following sentences contains one of the words that are grammatically singular but have plural meanings. Underline these words once and underline • the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). • __ 1. It is impossible to believe that somebody actually admire that man. • __ 2. Each of the doctors in the building needs to have a separate reception area. Exercise • 3. The president felt that no one were better suited for the position of chief staff advisor. • 4. Everybody participating in the fund-raiser are to turn in the tickets by 8:00. • 5. Because of the low number of orders, nothing has to be done now. • 6. Every time someone take unnecessary breaks, precious moments of production time • are lost. Exercise Among bees a highly elaborate • form of communication. • (A) occur (B) occurs (C) it occurs • (D) they occur heated by solar energy have • special collectors on the roofs to trap • sunlight. • (A) A home is (B) Homes are • (C) A home (D) Homes Words that always take singular verbs and pronoun • • • • • • • • • • • • • The following words must be followed by singular verbs and pronouns in formal written English. Any + singular noun Some + singular noun No + singular noun Every + singular noun Anybody Somebody Nobody Everybody Each Anyone Someone No one • • • • • • • Someone No one Everyone Anything something nothing everything Words that always take singular verbs and pronoun • Either * • Neither * • *either and neither are singular if they are not used with or and nor. None/no: none can take either a singular or plural verb depending on the noun which follows it. Words that always take singular verbs and pronoun Exercise : 1. Neither Maria nor her friends( is/ are) going to class today. 2. John or George (is/are) bringing the car 3. Neither Alecia nor Carmen (has/have) seen this movie before. 4. Each of the suspected men (was/were ) arrested 5. Bandung is one of those cities that (is/are ) working hard to reclaim a flower city. 6. Either the Committee on Course Design or the Committee on College Operations (decide/decides) these matters. 7. Anybody who ( has/have) lost his ticket should report to the desk. 8. No problem (is/are) harder to solve than this one 9. Nobody (work/works) harder than John does. 10. Mr. Jon, accompanied by A Several members of B the committee, have C proposed some changes of D the rules. Noun and Pronoun • Pronouns are words such as he, she, or it that take the place of nouns. One common problem with pronouns on the TOEFL test is that subject and object pronouns, adjective pronoun, possessive pronoun are confused, so you should be able to recognize these types of pronouns A subject pronoun is used as the subject of a verb. An object pronoun can be used as the object of a verb or the object of a preposition. Compare the following sentences. Possessive Pronoun • Possessive adjective and possessive pronouns tell about what someone own.. Possessive adjective describe nouns and must be followed by noun meanwhile possessive pronouns take place as a noun and it can be accompanied by a noun. • My friends and your friends are coming to mine party. • You don’t have your gloves with you but I have mine. Noun and Pronoun • Me and my friend are taking a trip. • Our neighbors are going with you and I. • You should do it for her. • They live with our children. Noun and Pronoun • She lent it to you and I. (I) Analysis: • Subject pronoun "She" is correct. • Object pronoun "I" is incorrect. It should be "me" as object pronoun. Noun and Pronoun She cut hers hair recently. Analysis: • Hers should be her. 2. We will take our car or theirs. 3. Please lend me yours notes from the history lecture. 4. I like his ideas and hers. Noun and Pronoun 5. The tree fell on its side during the storm. 6. My desk is located near hers. 7. Theirs suggestion was unrealistic. 8. Our appointment is just after your.