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AP Biology Chapter 19 Review I. A. B. C. II. A. B. C. Systematic Biology Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying organisms. In the mid-eighteenth century, Carolus Linnaeus developed the system of binomial nomenclature 1. First word is the genus name (capitalized) 2. Second word is the specific epithet (lowercase) 3. A species is referred to by the full binomial name (Genus species) Modern taxonomists use the following classification: 1. Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain Three-Domain System Domain Bacteria 1. Prokaryotic unicellular organisms that reproduce asexually. 2. Most bacteria are heterotrophic, some autotrophic (like cyanobacteria) 3. Important in ecosystems - keeping chemical cycling going. 4. Some bacteria are parasitic and cause disease. Domain Archaea 1. Prokaryotic unicellular organisms that reproduce asexually. 2. Live in extreme environments. 3. Cell wall is diverse but not the same as the bacterial cell wall. Domain Eukarya 1. Unicellular and multicellular organisms 2. Cells with a membrane-bounded nucleus 3. Sexual reproduction is common 4. Contains four kingdoms a. Kingdom Protista b. Kingdom Fungi c. Kingdom Plantae d. Kingdom Animalia AP Biology Chapter 19 Review III. Phylogeny A. One goal of systematics is to determine phylogeny (evolutionary history) of a group B. Phylogeny is often represented as a phylogenetic tree (A diagram indicating lines of descent) C. Each branching point: 1. Is a divergence from a common ancestor 2. Represents an organism that gives rise to two or more new groups D. Ancestral traits: Present in all members of a group, and present in the common ancestor E. Derived traits: Present in some members of a group, but absent in the common ancestor F. Cladistics is a way to analyze primitive and derived characters and by the construction of phylogenetic trees called a cladogram on the basis of shared derived characters. 1. Guided by the principle of parsimony— the minimum number of assumptions is most logical. 2. The best cladogram is one in which the fewest number of shared derived characters are left unexplained or that minimizes the number of assumed evolutionary changes. IV. Tracing Phylogeny A. Fossil Traits 1. Fossil record is incomplete 2. It is often difficult to determine the phylogeny of a fossil B. Homology 1. Refers to features that stem from a common ancestor 2. Homologous structures are related to each other through common descent C. Analogy 1. Similarity due to convergent evolution 2. Analogous structures have the same function in different groups but do not have a common ancestry 3. Structures look similar due to adaptation to similar environments D. Behavioral Traits 1. Parental care, mating calls, etc. E. Molecular Traits 1. Two species with similar base-pair sequences are assumed to be closely related 2. Two species with differing base-pair sequences are assumed to be only distantly related 3. DNA Sequence Alignment 4. Protein Comparisons a. Amino acid sequencing b. Similar sequence in the same protein indicates a close relationship