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Chapter 1: New
Beginnings/Discovery
Mr. Klevs
I. Europe Moves Toward
Exploration
• 1400’s Europeans had no
knowledge of the
Americas
• 1000 AD Viking voyages
had no lasting impact
II. Improvements in Technology
• Renaissance late 1400’s and 1500’s
• Increase in scientific knowledge
–New ship designs
–New mapmaking abilities
–Printing press
II. Improvements in Technology
• Used and improved other
technology
–Gunpowder- Chinese
–Compass- Arab merchants
III. Religion
A. Catholic Spain
• Middle Ages, partly conquered
by Muslims (Moors)
• 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella
defeated the Moors
III. Religion
• Gave Roman Catholic
faith leadership and
strength
III. Religion
B. Protestant Revolt
• Revolt against authority of the
Pope
–Germany, England, France
and Holland
III. Religion
• Catholicism vs. Protestantism
• Spain and Portugal vs. England
and Holland
–Fought for non-Christians to
follow their form of
Christianity
III. Religion
•Religion was
motive for
exploration and
colonization
IV. Expanding Trade
• Economic motives grew out of
fierce competition for trade
–Africa, China and India
• Old trade routes from Venice
through Constantinople were
blocked by Ottoman Turks
IV. Expanding Trade
• Portuguese Vasco da
Gama first European to
go around Africa
–Reached India
V. Politics
• 1500’s, Monarchs stronger, building
nation states
–Country in which majority of
people share a common culture
and political loyalties toward a
central government
• Spread power throughout world
VI. Christopher Columbus
• 1492 Isabella and Ferdinand sent
Columbus and his three ships west
to reach Asia
–Made Columbus governor,
admiral and viceroy of lands that
he claimed for Spain
VI. Christopher Columbus
• Columbus left the Canary Islands
September 6th and landed in the
Bahamas October 12th
• Brought first permanent contact
between Americas and Native
Americans
VI. Christopher Columbus
• 1506, died thinking he found
western route to Asia
• Continent named after
Amerigo Vespucci
VII. Treaty of Tordesillas
• 1493 Pope drew line down map
–Divided New World between
Portugal and Spain
• 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas signed
–Brazil- Portugal
–Spain- all other land
VIII. Spanish Explorers
1. Vasco Nunez de Balboa- Crossed
the isthmus of Panama (1513)
• Discovered Pacific Ocean
2. Juan Ponce de Leon- Discovered
Florida (1513)
• Looking for Fountain of
Youth
VIII. Spanish Explorers
3. Ferdinand Magellan- Sailed
around tip of South America
(1520)
• One of his ships first to go
around world
4. Hernan Cortes- Conquered
Aztecs in (1521)
VIII. Spanish Explorers
5. Francisco Pizarro- Conquered Incas in Peru
in (1532)
6. Hernando de Soto- Explored from Florida
to Mississippi River (1539-1542)
7. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado- Explored
from New Mexico into Kansas (1540-1542)
VIII. Spanish Explorers
• These conquistadors sent
ships loaded with gold and
silver to Spain
• Made Spain richest and most
powerful in Europe
VIII. Spanish Explorers
• Turned to an encomienda
system
–King gave land and Indians to
Spaniards
–Indians farmed and worked in
mines
VIII. Spanish Explorers
• Spanish brutality and diseases
reduced native population
• Used asiento system
–Brought slaves from West Africa
–Paid a tax to king for each slave
VIII. Spanish Explorers
• Settled St. Augustine in 1565
–Oldest city in North America
• Santa Fe 1609
–Driven out in 1680 during Pueblo
Revolt
VIII. Spanish Explorers
• Established small settlements in
Texas
• In response to Russian
exploration settled California
–San Diego in 1769
–San Francisco in 1776
VIII. Spanish Explorers
• 1784 missions dotted the
California coast
–Franciscans
–Father Junipero Serra
established 9 of them
IX. Dutch Exploration
• Dutch government hired Henry
Hudson
–English sailor
–Looking for northwest
passage to China
IX. Dutch Exploration
• 1609 found river
– Named Hudson River
• Established Dutch claims around river
– New Amsterdam
• Dutch West India Company given economic
rights
– Joint-stock company
X. French Exploration
• 1534 sponsored Giovanni de
Verrazano
–Italian
• Northwest passage
• Explored east coast
–New York harbor
X. French Exploration
• Jacques Cartier discovered and
explored St. Lawrence River
• 1608 Samuel Champlain
founded first French settlement
–Quebec
X. French Exploration
• 1673 Louis Jolliet and Father
Jacques Marquette explored
upper Mississippi River
• 1682 Robert de La Salle
explored Mississippi basin
–Named it Louisiana
X. French Exploration
• Had good relations with Native Americans
• Set up trading posts
– Control fur trade with natives
– Helped some tribes fight enemies
• Few colonists, farms or towns posed no
threat to Indians
XI. English Exploration
• John Cabot explored
Newfoundland in 1497
–Italian under contract with
English king
• 1570’s-1580’s Sir Francis Drake
– Hired by Queen Elizabeth I
XI. English Exploration
• Harassed Spanish shipping
and settlements
• Reached Pacific Ocean
• 1588 helped English defeat
Spanish Armada
XI. English Exploration
• 1587 Sir Walter Raleigh
–Attempted first English
settlement in America
–Roanoke Island
• North Carolina Coast
• Failed, lost colony