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Personality Psychology Psych 02 Why is personality psychology important? • Personality shown to be a good predictor of behavior • Knowing someone’s personality helps us understand one’s behavior • Personality associated with personal, interpersonal and societal outcomes (Ozer & Benet-‐Martinez) • I/O applications Career choice Employers/ Companies selecting workers Different perspectives of personality • Psychoanalytic • Cognitive • Traits • Biological • Humanistic • Evolutionary • Behaviorism • Cross-‐cultural Major Questions Concerning personality • Is personality stable? • Does it remain the same over the lifespan or does it change overtime? • Is personality global? • Are personality traits similar across different cultures? • Is personality hardwired? • Can we change our personality or are we stuck with these traits? Psychoanalysis • Think Freud! • Unconscious • Id – uninhibited drives • Ego – realistic drives; • Superego – morality * Psychic determinism Psychoanalysis Thinking and consciousness * Dual processing primary process thinking (fast, effortless, automatic) secondary process thinking (slow, conscious, controlled) • Dream interpretation • Manifest content vs latent content Defense Mechanisms • Serve to alleviate anxiety; psychic conflict • Denial à • Repression à refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant suppressing painful memories and thoughts • Reaction formation à adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs Defense Mechanisms • Projection à attributing unacceptable desires to others • Rationalization à creating acceptable justifications for one’s behaviors • Displacement à transferring inappropriate energy to a more acceptable target • Sublimation à redirecting unacceptable desires through social acceptable channels Parapraxes (aka Freudian Slips) Traits Perspective • The Big 5 (McCrae & Costa) • Conscientiousness • Agreeableness • CANOE • Openness to Experience • Neuroticism • Extraversion • OCEAN Humanism • Based on two assumptions: 1. People are basically good 2. Drive to self-‐actualize • Carl Rogers • Abraham Maslow Humanism • Carl Rogers • Unconditional positive regard Empathy Being genuine Active listening Humanism • Abraham Maslow Behaviorism • Behavior is all you can know about; it’s all that matters • Sources of behavior are in the “environment”, not the “mind” • Personality traits cannot be seen or measured Behaviorism • Personality can be shaped through learning: • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning • Social learning theory (Bandura) • We learn how to behave by observing others Socio-‐Cognitive Perspective • Cognitive “process” approaches to personality • Interaction between our traits and the environment • Combines principles of learning, Cognition and social behavior to personality Cognitive Approaches and the Self • William James and the self • The “I” vs “me” I – experiential self Me – declarative-‐self • Actual-‐ideal discrepancy – depression • Actual-‐ought discrepancy -‐ anxiety Biological Perspective • Anatomical • The human brain • lobes (e.g., Phineas Gage) Biological Perspective • Physiological • Neurotransmitters – dopamine, serotonin • Hormones – testosterone, cortisol • Genetic • Monozygotic vs fraternal twins • Heritability Evolutionary Perspective • Variation in traits essential for survival in the EEA (Environment of evolutionary adaptation) • Sex differences in mating behavior • Sexual vs emotional jealousy • Universal implications Cross-‐Cultural Perspective • Cross-‐cultural differences; possible conflicts? • Limits to generalizability – WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) • Universals • Universal human experiences and emotions vs • Specifics • Individualism vs collectivism • Language barriers Are Mexicans more or less Sociable than Americans? Self-‐reported extraversion, sociability and talkativeness Behaviors observed in time spend with others, socializing and talking What are the results? Do Mexicans and Americans differ in how they are social? • Mexicans spent more time in: • Dyadic conversations • Group conversations • Public conversations • Americans spent more time in: • Phone conversations • On computer • Private conversations Take home messages?
