Download History Review Year End Terms

Review: Early Humans
History Review:
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Mary Leakey - Archaeologist that discovered footprints of early hominids
suggesting that man walked upright earlier than believed.
Old Stone Age - Early humans led a nomadic lifestyle; Also known as the
Paleolithic Era; Stone, bone, and wood tools for hunting and gathering. Created
art such as necklaces, beads, carved sculptures of animals, and cave paintings.
Neolithic Revolution - An agircultural revolution meaning a shift from food
gatherer to food producer; Caused by warming climate, rich supply of grain, and
food demands on population boom; Led to settled communities, slash-and-burn
farming, and the domestication of animals.
Civilization - An advanced civilization consists of five components: Advanced
cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced
technology.
Artisans - Skilled workers that make goods by hand.
Mesopotamia - Land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day Iraq.
Sumerians - One of the world's earliest civilizations; Mesopotamia.
Scribes - Professional record keepers.
Cuneiform - Systen of writing on clay tablets (3000 BC).
Ziggurat - Massive temple complex used for religion, storage of grain, and record
keeping.
Barter Economy - Trading goods without money.
Bronze Age - Metal workers melt copper and tin together; used for armor and
arrowheads (2500 BC).
Review: River Valley Civilizations
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Prehistoric - Before invention of writing
Neolithic Revolution - Agriculture begins
Slash-and-Burn Farming - Clearing land for farming
Cultural Diffusion - Process by which ideas, beliefs, and products of one people
are shared with and accepted by another people
Ziggurat - Sumerian temple used for government, religion, record keeping, and
storage of grain.
Natural Barriers - Geographic features that keep a civilization protected or
isolated; Deserts, mountains, etc.
Tigris & Euphrates Rivers - Unpredictable flooding
Mesopotamia - Land between Tigris and Euphrates
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Empire - One ruler over several peoples and areas
Sargon of Akkad - Established the first empire in Southwest Asia
Hammurabi's Code - First written code of laws; by Hammurabi under the
Babylonian Empire
Nile River - Predictable flooding allows Egyptian civilization to thrive
Nile River Delta - Where the Nile River meets the Mediterranean Sea
Cataracts - Rapids
Menes (Narmer) - Unified Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom
Polytheism - Belief in many gods
Old Kingdom - Period after the unification of Egypt; Pharaohs build pyramids
Pharaoh - Divine ruler; Believed by the Egyptians to be a god
Pyramids - Tombs for Old Kingdom Pharaohs; Shows mathematical and engineering
skills, a powerful economy, and access to large amounts of stone.
Mummification - Shows a belief in the afterlife
Theocracy - Civilization governed by religion and a divine ruler
Hieroglyphics - Egyptian writing system; often done on papyrus; pictures
representing ideas
Indus & Ganges Rivers - River valley civilizations in modern day India, Pakistan,
and Bangladesh
Mohenjo-daro - Little is known about this Indus valley civilization; can't decipher
written language; evidence of urban planning and plumbing!
Gobi Desert - Natural barrier in China
Himalaya Mountains - Natural barrier between India and China
Huang He (Yellow) & Yangtze Rivers - Chinese river valley
Shang Dynasty - One of the first Chinese dynasties; family of rulers
Zhou Dynasty - Overthrows the Shang Dynasty
Dynastic Cycle - Explains how dynasties rise, fall, and are replaced
Mandate of Heaven - Power leader gains this divine approval to rule China
Oracle Bones - Chinese priests write questions into these bones, touch them with
a red hot poker, and read/interpret the cracks
Chinese System of Writing - Thousands of Chinese characters; People can read the
language but don't have to speak it.
Review: Belief Systems
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Hittites - Indo-European group that occupied Anatolia; iron weapons.
Aryans - Indo-European nomadic warriors that invaded the Indus Valley;
introduced the Caste System.
Hinduism - Religion developed in India over a long period of time; no single
founder; polytheistic.
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Reincarnation - Belief that one's soul or spirit can be born again in another
lifetime; shared by Hindu and Buddhist belief systems.
Karma - The good and bad deeds that one does in their life.
Moksha - Hindu goal of perfect understanding.
Caste System - Social class system in Hinduism that was arranged according to
occupation.
Upanishads - A Hindu book/conversation between teacher and student; the Vedas
are another writing important to Hinduism.
Buddhism - Founded by Siddartha Guatama in a small kingdom in Nepal (northern
India); encourages people to seek enlightenment (wisdom); will spread throughout
Asia because of trade.
Four Noble Truths - All life is suffering; overcome selfish desires; follow Eightfold
Path
Eightfold Path - The right conduct to follow in order to achieve Nirvana.
Nirvana - Ultimate goal of Buddhism; release from selfishness and pain/suffering.
Jainism - Religion founded in India by Mahavira; all living things considered sacred
(even bugs); work in trade/commerce where they can't harm living things.
Judaism - Monotheistic religion; ethical monotheism is the belief in one God and
emphasizing right conduct.
Torah - Hebrew Bible/holy book of Judaism; also first 5 chapters of Old Testament
Abraham - Born in Ur; shepard; First Hebrew; covenant (agreement) with God that
his descendants would be blessed and faithful.
Moses - Adopted son of an Egyptian princess; led Hebrews out of Egypt; received
the Ten Commandments.
Ten Commandments - Moral code of Judaism; widely used in western culture to
this day.
King David - Unites the tribes of Israel.
King Solomon - Ruler of Israel that builds massive temple for God (Yahweh) and
the Ark of the Covenant; known for wisdom and use of diplomacy; high taxes and
forced labor will lead to a split into two separate kingdoms.
Nebuchadnezzar - Chaldean king of the Babylonian Empire; war with Israel
destroys Solomon's Temple.
Minoans - Ancient civilization that thrived on Crete in the Aegean Sea; dominates
sea trade in the eastern Mediterranean Sea; mysteriously disappears---volcanic
eruption? invasion?
Phoenicians - Ancient civilization known for expert ship building and
Mediterranean trade network; developed symbols/letters to represent sounds;
glass and purple dye are highly profitable; modern day Lebanon.
Review: First Empires
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New Kingdom - After overthrowing the Hyksos (nomadic invaders who ruled Egypt
from 1640 BC - 1570 BC) pharaohs sought to strengthen Egypt by building an
empire; Egypt enters its third period of glory in the New Kingdom, and reaches
greater wealth and more power than ever before.
Queen Hatshepsut - Declares herself pharaoh around 1472 BC, when her stepson
(the male heir to the throne) was a young child. She spent her reign encouraging
trade, rather than waging war.
Ramses II - Pharaoh that finally makes a treaty with a Hittite king (Battle of
Kadesh), that states “peace and brotherhood between us forever;” Alliance would
last till the end of the century; Rules for approx. 67 years.
Assyrians - Dominated the Fertile Crescent; Reaches such great power by a means
of a sophisticated military organization and state-of-the-art weaponry; Greatest
power in Southwest Asia at the time.
Satraps - A governor installed by Darius. These governors would rule locally. They
checked up on the administration of each province in every corner of the
kingdom.
Royal Road - Unifies the Persian empire; Runs from Susa in Persia to Sardis in
Anatolia; Distance of 1677 miles.
Zoroaster - Religious reformer who offers answer to question “why should so much
suffering and chaos exist in the world?;” Teaches that 2 spiritual armies fight for
possession of a person’s soul; The god of truth and light leads one army, and the
god of evil and darkness leads the other; At the end of time souls would be judged
according to which side they chose.
Confucianism - Belief in social order, harmony, and good government. Believes in
5 basic relationship:
o Ruler and subject
o Father and Son
o Husband and wife
o Older brother and younger brother
o Friend and Friend
Analects - are a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and
philosopher Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held. The
Chinese title literally means "discussion over [Confucius'] words."
Filial Piety - A teaching of Confucius in which he stressed that children should
practice respect for their parents and elders.
Daoism (Taoism) - “The way guides all things” presented by a 6th century Chinese
thinker named Laozi; Belief that only the natural order was important; Believed
that only humans failed to follow the dao; Its search for knowledge and
understanding of nature led Daoism followers to pursue scientific studies; Daoists
made contributions to the sciences of alchemy, astronomy, and medicine.
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Legalism - Believed a highly efficient and powerful government is the key to social
order; Punishments are useful to maintain social order, thinkers and their ideas
should be strictly controlled by the government; Qin Dynasty under Shi Huangdi.
Yin and Yang - Two powers that together represent the natural rythems of life;
Yang - masculine qualities of the universe; Yin - feminine qualities of the universe.
Qin Dynasty - Short lived dynasty that replaces the Zhou dynasty in the third
century BC; Emerges from the western state of the Qin; Legalist ideas were used
to subdue warring states and unify the country; By 202 BC the Qin dynasty gave
way to the Han dynasty.
Autocracy - A government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an
arbitrary manner.
Ancient Greece is one of the most influential periods in all of World History.
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Geography of Greece - Mountainous; difficult to unite regions under single government.
Mycenaeans - Preserved and spread Minoan culture.
Dorians - Ruled the Greek world for 400 years but left no written record.
Polis - City-state.
Phalanx - Military formation; spear and shield.
Persian Wars - Greek city-states successfully defend themselves from the Persians; leads
to new sense of confidence and freedom; Athens leads Delian League (allliance of 140
city-states)
Olympics - Sporting event that city-states could compete in; political event in that citystates put aside any differences to compete.
Sparta - City-state that values military and the state.
Athens - City-state that incorporates democratic elements and values education, arts
(Classical style), and philosophy; powerful navy.
Direct Democracy - Citizens propose and vote on laws; executive, legislative, and
judicial branches
Pericles - Leader of the Athenians; Increases pay for public officials; strengthens navy;
glorification of Athens (Parthenon)
Socrates - Philosopher that encourages questioning; condemned to death for "corrupting
the youth of Athens."
Plato - Student of Socrates; Wrote The Republic - ideal society where people fall
naturally into 3 groups (farmers/artisans, warriors, ruling class); strongest individual
from ruling class is philosopher-king.
Aristotle - Teachings led to development of scientific method; Alexander the Great's
teacher.
Peloponnesian War - Sparta defeats Athens; Athens severely weakened from plague
King Philip of Macedonia - Uses heavy phalanx formation and conquers a weakened
Greece; Alexander the Great's father; Oracle at Delphi predicts that he would lose his
eye and his son would conquer the world.
Alexander the Great - Military conquests of Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt, and Persia led to
spread of Hellenistic culture; Ended era of independent Greek city-states; Died at 32
years old.
Plutarch - Roman writer/historian that documented Alexander's life and much of
Hellenistic culture.
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Hellenistic Culture - Blending of Greek, Egyptian, Indian, and Persian cultures; Popular
spoken language is koine.
Alexandria - African city that became the major center of commerce and the Hellenistic
civilization; Pharos was a 400 foot lighthouse that guided ships into the Egyptian harbor;
Other major attractions include a famous museum and the Alexandrian Library.
Archimedes - Accurately estimated the value of pi (3.14); Pulley and compound lever to
lift heavy objects.
Eratosthenes - Director of the Alexandrian library; computed the Earth's circumference
using geometry (within 1%)
Stoicism - Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno; Emphasizes harmonious life using
natural law; Promoted social unity.
Epicureanism - Hellenistic philosophy founded by Epicurus; Only real objects are those
that can be perceived by the 5 senses.
Colossus of Rhodes - Bronze statue over 100 feet high; According to legend it straddled
the harbor on the island of Rhodes; later statues will move away from idealized forms
and constructed realistic works
Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome is one of the greatest and most intriguing areas to study in history.
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Republic - Form of government established in 509 BC after the Romans drove
the last Etruscan monarch from power; Power rests with citizens who have
the right to vote for their leaders; Early power struggles existed between
patricians and plebeians.
Patricians - Aristocratic landowners that held most of the power in the early
republic.
Plebeians - Majority of the population that consisted of farmers, artisans,
merchants.
Twelve Tables - Written code of law displayed in the Roman forum (451 BC);
All free citizens had right to protection of the law.
Legion - Military unit of 5,000 heavily armed infantry; All adult male citizens
must serve.
Punic Wars - Series of wars against Carthage for the control of the western
half of the Mediterranean Sea; Roman general Scipio out maneuvers
Hannibal of Carthage in 202 BC.
Triumvirate - Group of three rulers that ruled Rome following the collapse of
the Republic for 10 years; Julius Caesar, Crassus (wealthy), and Pompey
(general/Caesar's rival).
Julius Caesar - Popular general; Conquers Gaul; Defeats Pompey in Greece,
Asia, Spain, and Egypt; Appointed dictator for life by Senate in 44 BC;
Assassinated on March 15, 44 BC in the senate chamer.
Second Triumvirate - Made up of Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus.
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Battle of Actium - Naval battle where Octavian (Augustus) defeats Mark
Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC.
Augustus - Formerly Octavian; Most powerful emperor of the Roman Empire;
Glorified Rome, established civil service, and stabilized the frontier.
Pax Romana - 200 years of Roman peace and prosperity.
Jesus of Nazareth - Born around AD 4 - 6; Teachings based on Judaism; Said
to have performed miracles so many believed him to be the Messiah or the
son of God; Main historical source consists of the first four books of the New
Testament (Gospels).
Paul - Christian leader that wrote influential letters called epistles to groups
of believers.
Christianity - Based on teachings of Jesus; Embraces all people; Offers
personal relationship with loving God; Gave hope to powerless; Promised
eternal life after death; Spreads easily because of the Pax Romana, however
refusal to worship Roman gods leads to persecution.
Caligula and Nero - Bad emperors; Mentally ill, persecution of Christians,
great fires; Empire still survives because of effective civil service.
Diaspora - Dispersal of the Jews from their homeland into exile.
Marcus Aurelius - Emperor that brought Rome to height of economic
prosperity; Last emperor of the Pax Romana; wrote Meditations
Diocletian - Reforming Emperor that divided empire into West and East to
make control more efficient.
Constantine - Reforming Emperor that embraces Christianity (Battle at
Milvian Bridge/Edict of Milan) and moves capital to Constantinople
(Byzantium) in the east.
Greco-Roman Culture - Mixture of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman culture.
Colosseum - Opens AD 80; Great architectural achievement using the arch,
dome, and concrete; A spectator can watch gladiators fight to the death, or
watch Christians be devoured by lions, or see wild animals slaughtered.
Bas-relief - Roman sculptures that told stories to represent crowds of
people.
Pompeii - Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 preserves many great Roman
works of art.
Virgil - Roman poet modeled works after Homer; Wrote the Aeneid.
Aqueducts - Used arches for support; Brought water into towns and cities.
Fall of Western Roman Empire - Know the political, economic, social, and
military causes; the Eastern portion of the empire becomes the Byzantine
Empire.
Review: Indian and Han Dynasties
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Mauryan Dynasty - Founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 321 BC after he overthrew
Seleucus (Alexander the Great's General).
Asoka - Chandragupta Maurya's grandson brings empire to its height; Converts to
Buddhism after the mass slaughter of over 100,000 people at the Battle of Kalinga;
Edicts promoted religious toleration and nonviolence.
Gupta Empire - Founded by Chandra Gupta I in AD 320 after 500 years of turmoil
in India.
Chandra Gupta II - Expanded power by defeating the Shakas on the west coast and
trade grows between India and the Mediterranean; Used diplomatic and marriage
alliances.
Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva - The three main gods of Hinduism; the creator, the
preserver, and the destroyer; New trend is worhip 1 or 2 gods to make religion
more personal and increase mass appeal.
Indian Math - developed modern numerals, concept of "0," the decimal system.
Indian Astronomy - Determined the Earth is round by observing a lunar eclipse;
solar calendar.
Han Dynasty - Set up a powerful bureacracy (top-down rule) in China from 202 BC
- AD 220; Credited with the invention of paper; Silk production is closely guarded
secret.
Empress Lu - Holds real power in Han China by naming infants as the emperor;
lowers taxes.
Wudi - "Martial Emperor;" sets up civil service exam system to set up powerful
bureacracy; expands boundaries to present-day China.
Silk Routes - Increased cultural diffusion with India and Europe through trade;
Imports gold, glass, dyes, Buddhism, perfumes, gems; Exports silk, furs, spices,
ceramic, bronze, iron.
Review: Islam
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Mecca - Important trading center and pilgrimage site; Site of the Ka'ba (original
house of worship built by Abraham); modern day Saudi Arabia; crossroads of
Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Bedouins - Nomadic desert tribesmen that began settlements on the Arabian
Peninsula.
Muhammad - Prophet and messenger of Allah in the Islamic faith.
Hijrah - Muhammad and followers move to Yathrib; Muhammad gains a stronger
following and city is renamed Medina.
Qur'an - Holy book of Islam; Revelations of Muhammad; Written in Arabic; spreads
the language.
Five Pillars - Religious duties that practicing Muslims must perform.
Faith - There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah
o Prayer - Five times a day facing Mecca
o Alms - Giving money to the poor
o Hajj - Pilgrimage (religious journey) to Mecca
o Fasting - No food or drink from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.
Caliph - Successor of Muhammad.
Caliphate - "rightly guided Caliphs" or first four successors of Muhammad; Abubakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali; Spread Islam with military conquest and tolerance.
People of the Book - Jews and Christians were protected and allowed to follow
their faith under Muslim rule.
Shi'a - "Party of Ali;" Group that resisted Umayyad rule; Believed that the
successor of Muhammad should be a descendant.
Sunni - Group that believed successor could be a follower of Muhammad's
example.
Shari'a - System of law; alternate spelling is Shariah
Sunna - Muhammad's proper example of living; source of authority under Islam.
Social Classes - Upper consisted of Muslims by birth; then converted Muslims; then
"protected people;" Lowest class consists of slaves.
Al-Khwarizmi - Developed al-jabr (Algebra!)
Calligraphy - Fine artistic handwriting; against Muslim law to draw pictures of
living beings.
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Review: Byzantine Empire
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Byzantine Empire - Name for the Eastern Roman Empire; Capital at
Constantinople; used diplomacy to hold empire together.
Justinian - Most poweful Byzantine ruler; set up legal code using the Roman model
and it ruled the Byzantines for 900 years; creates massive public works projects.
Hagia Sophia - Most splendid Eastern Orthodox Christian chirch built by Justinian;
later convinces the Russians to adopt Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
Church Schism - Division within Christian church; separates into Roman Catholic
vs. Eastern Orthodox; Byzantine emperors begin to reject the Pope's authority; the
Patriarch becomes head of Eastern Christianity.
Ivan III - First Russian ruler to call himself "czar" which translates to "caesar."
Mamelukes - Turkish military slaves who became a powerful force in the Abbasid
empire.
Asian Empires
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Dynastic Cycle - Explains why Chinese dynasties are overthrown and replaced
throughout history; This year we studied the Shang - Zhou - Qin - Han - Sui - Tang Song - Yuan.
Tang Taizong - Founder of the Tang Dynasty that restores order and lowers taxes.
Empress Wu Zhao - Tang ruler that conquers Korea.
China's Golden Age - Under Tang & Song rule movable type, mechanical clock,
magnetic compass (Song Dynasty will become great sea power), paper money, and
porcelain were all invented.
Movable Type - Chinese invention that used printing blocks which could be used
again to print something else; Technology will eventually be applied to the
invention of the Printing Press.
Steppes - Central Asia; People are nomadic because of the extreme climate
changes; Little rainfall with short-hardy grass.
Pastoralist - Nomads of the steppe that make a living by herding domesticated
animals.
Clan - Mongols were nomadic and lived in a clan which was determined by kinship
(ancestry).
Genghis Khan - Unites the Mongols and expands power east and west; Had brilliant
military strategy and organization; Terror used as a weapon; Successors will
continue to expand rule following his death.
Mongol Empire - The largest unified land empire in history.
Pax Mongolica - Mogolian peace; Ideas and inventions spread with trade
throughout Asia and Europe.
Khanates - Following the death of Ogadai Mongolians divided power into four
Khanates; Golden Horde in Russia; Chagatai in central Asia; Ilkhanate in Persia;
Great Khan in China.
Kublai Khan - Rules China (Yuan Dynasty); Employs foreigners such as Marco Polo
in gov't because he found them more trustworthy than the Chinese; Ditches the
nomadic lifestyle; Internal family struggles will help the Chinese overthrow Khan
rule following Kublai's death.
Kamikaze - To the Japanese this "divine wind" or typhoon saved them from a
Mongolian invasion via Korea.
Shinto - Early Japanese religion that revolved around nature; "way of the gods;"
When Buddhism arrives from Korea they will combine the two religions.
Feudalism - Form of gov't in which people give up their land in exchange for
protection.
Samurai - Protectors of the land.
Bushido - Code of the Samurai; Eventually all peasants are required to live by this
code.
Middle Ages
The Middle Ages of Europe or "The Dark Ages" is the period following the fall of
the Western Roman Empire.
Changes in Western Europe (following the fall of Rome) - Disruption of trade,
downfall of cities, population shifts, decline of learning, and loss of a common
language.
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Clovis - Unites the Franks into one kingdom after converting to Christianity.
Benedict - Italian monk that writes a book of strict of rules for monasteries
in 520.
Gregory I - Becomes Pope in 590; expands papal power by making it a
worldly (secular) force in politics.
Charles Martel - Defeats Mulsim raiding party at the Battle of Tours in 732;
extends Frankish rule.
Pepin the Short - Fights off Lombards for the Pope; "King by the grace of
God;" Begins Carolingian Dynasty.
Charlemagne - Unifies most of Western Europe; Crowned emperor by Pope
Leo III; spreads Christianity; encourages learning.
Treaty of Verdun - Ended civil war between Charlemagne's grandsons
(Lothair, Charles the Bald, Louis the German).
Vikings - Caused disruption in Northwestern Europe with raids; terror fades
away after they accept Christianity and a warming climate change.
Manor - Self-sufficient lord's estate in feudal Europe; serfs tend the land and
knight's protect the land.
Lord - Landowner that grants a fief (land) to vassals (lesser lords).
Serf - peasant; couldn't lawfully leave their place of birth.
Knight - Received land in exchange for their protective services; fought
bravely for their eartly feudal lord, heavenly Lord, and his lady.
Chivalry - Code of the knight.
Tithe - Tax paid to the church; 1/10 of income.
Troubadors - Poet-musicians that often sang about romance.
Clergy - religious officials; Pope - Bishops - Priests.
Sacraments - To achieve salvation a good Roman Catholic will take part in
these; ex. baptism and confirmation.
Holy Roman Empire - By 1100 consisted of present day Germany; named by
Frederick I "Barbarosa."
Canon Law - Law of the church.
Excommunication - When the clergy banishes one from the church; wields
power over political rulers such as Henry IV.
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Interdict - When sacraments or religious services are banned from a King's
land by the clergy; dooms King's subjects to hell.
Lay Investiture - Ceremony in which the king and nobles appoint church
officials.
Concordat of Worms - Church appoints bishops but king holds veto power.
Middle Ages
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Problems in the church - Village priests got married and started families;Simony or
when Bishops sell church positions; Lay investiture.
Cathedral - Gothic style of Church architecture; High vaulted ceilings and large
stained-glass windows; Ex. Cathedral of Notre Dame; Old style was
Romanesque which were dark and gloomy on the inside.
Crusades - Holy war between Christian European knights and Muslim Turks; Goal is
to recover Jerusalem and holy land from Muslim Turks.
Effects of the Crusades - Lessened the power of the Pope; Weakens feudal
nobility; Weakens the Byzantine Empire; Bitterness and hatred between Muslims
and Christians
Craft Guild - Trained apprentices; Power over wages and prices; Set standards for
quality; Similar to a labor union.
Usury - Lending money for interest payments considered a sin by the Roman
Catholic church.
Vernacular - Common language.
Dante Alighieri - Epic poet that wrote The Divine Comedy which included
theInferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso.
Geoffrey Chaucer - Poet that wrote The Canterbury Tales; a collection of stories
about pilgrims on their way to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury
Cathedral.
Thomas Aqunias - Scholastic that combined ancient Greek thought with Christian
thought of the Middle Ages.
Serfs - Peasant farmers that can win freedom by living in a town for one year and
one day.
William The Conqueror - Led a conquest of England; Defeated Godwinson and
claimed England his personal private property.
Magna Carta - Document written by nobles in 1215 that forced King John to limit
his powers; Included principles such as no taxation without representation and
right to a fair trial.
Common Law - Major principle based on England's royal court of justice; Used
precedents (old court decsions) to decide matters dealing with the law.
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Parliament - England's legislative (law-making) body; Developed out of the need to
raise money for war; Bicameral (two house) legislature that consists of the House
of Commons and the House of Lords.
Great Schism - Dispute between the French monarch and the Pope; Papacy moves
to France for 67 years; Ended up with multiple popes.
Bubonic Plague - Mysterious disease that claimed the lives of about 40 million
people (25 million in Europe); The Black Death spread through trade; Leads to the
collapse of the manorial system; Church loses power and prestige due to millions
of prayers going unaswered.
Hundred Years War - England vs. France (1337-1453); England has many sucessful
battle victories because of the longbow; France wins the war marking an end to
chivalrous warfare and the Middle Ages.
Renaissance & Reformation
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Renaissance - Rebirth of classical Greek & Roman art & learning in Europe lasting
from 1300 to 1600.
Florence - Origin of the Renaissance due to thriving trade, wealthy merchant
class, and access to classical manuscripts.
Medici - Florentine family of rulers that offer financial support to artists; patron
of the arts.
Niccolo Machiavelli - Author of The Prince; Advises rulers to do whatever is
necessary to achieve their goals;
Humanism - The focus on human potential & achievement; Brings about a
decrease in the power of the Roman Catholic Church.
Secular - Worldly.
Realism - Art technique giving figures very real and lifelike qualities.
Perspective - Art technique that uses an origin point and horizon line.
Leonardo da Vinci - Ideal Renaissance Man that was proficient in many areas of
study; Painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper; Invented early parachute,
airplane, & tank; Famous notebook easily read through a mirror.
Christian Humanists - Renaissance authors that incorporated Christian themes;
Thomas Moore wrote Utopia and Erasmus wrote The Praise of Folly.
Johann Gutenberg - Invents the printing press; Leads to rise in vernacular,
literacy, learning, cheaper books, and the questioning of the Roman Catholic
Church.
Vernacular - Again, it means the common language!
Martin Luther - German monk that leads the Protestant Reformation after bishop
Johan Tetzel sold indulgences (passports to Heaven); Taught that faith alone gets
one into Heaven and all church teachings should be based on the Bible.
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Ninety-Five Theses - Martin Luther's arguments that he posted on the Wittenberg
church door in 1517; Ideas spread because of the printing press.
Peace of Augsburg - Truce between German Emperor Charles V and Protestant
German Princes; German princes can decide that practiced religion in their
region.
Act of Supremacy - When the Reformation Parliament made Henry VIII head of the
English Church after the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of
Aragon.
Anne Boleyn - Henry VIII's second wife who is executed; Daughter is Elizabeth I.
Edward I - Henry VIII's only son and the first of Henry's children to rule England.
Mary - Nicknamed "Bloody" Mary after her extremely harsh policy towards English
Protestants; Dies childless.
Elizabeth I - Mary's Protestant half-sister that rules after Mary; Establishes the
Anglican Church which incorporates Protestant and Catholic ideas; Establishes
England as a supreme naval force with the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588.
John Calvin - Protestant reformer taht believed in the concept of predestination;
All humans are sinful by nature therefore god has known since the beginning of
time who will be saved; Followers become Calvinists.
John Knox - Founds the Presbyterian Church which are basically Scotish Calvinists.
Huguenots - French Calvinists.
Ignatius of Loyola - Founds the Jesuit order ("society of Jesus") in reaction to the
Protestant Reformation.
Council of Trent - Pope Paul III declares that the Church's interpretation of the
Bible is FINAL; Indulgences were valid expressions of faith.
DON'T FORGET TO KNOW YOUR NINJA TURTLES AND THEIR FAMOUS ARTWORK!
Review: Age of Exploration & the Atlantic
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Causes of European Exploration - Desire to spread Christianity; Desire for new
sources of wealth; Technological advances; Competitive spirit of European
nations; "God, glory, and gold."
Prince Henry - Opens a navigation school in Portugal that taught mapmaking,
shipbuilding, scientists, sea captains, and instrument making.
Bartolomeu Dias - Portuguese explorer who sailed around Africa after a storm
blew his ships around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488.
Vasco da Gama - Portuguese explorer who sailed around Africa to reach India in
1498.
Christopher Columbus - Seeking alternate route to the riches of Asia, sails west
and ends up in the Bahamas; He thinks he is in the East Indies; 1492.
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Treaty of Tordesillas - Agreement between Spain and Portugal; Dividing line (Line
of Demarcation) in the Atlantic Ocean that decided ownership of land; Moderated
by Pope Alexander IV in 1493.
Ferdinand Magellan - Portuguese explorer that reached the Pacific Ocean by
sailing around South America in 1519.
Conquistadors - Successful conquerors from Spain; Brought armor, horses, guns,
diseases, and exploitation to the Americas.
Hernando Cortes - Spanish conquistador that conquered the Aztecs led by
Montezuma II in 1521 (Mexico).
Francisco Pizarro - Spanish conquistador that conquered the Incan Empire led by
Atahualpa in 1532 (Peru).
Encomienda - System where Native Americans were forced to work on farms and
dangerous mines for their Spanish landlords.
Atlantic Slave Trade - Buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas.
Triangular Trade - Slaves to America from Africa; Sugar, molasses, wood, fur,
timber from America to Europe; Guns, cloth, iron from Europe to Africa;
Manufactured goods from Europe to Americas; Gold, ivory, spices from Africa to
Europe.
Middle Passage - Extremely harsh journey that brought African slaves across the
Atlantic to the West Indies.
Effects of the Slave Trade - Africa loses its strongest members of society; Africa
introduced to guns; Mixed-race populations throughout the Americas; Economic
growth from the back-breaking labor of slaves.
Columbian Exchange - Exchange of goods between the Americas and Europe,
Africa, Asia.
Mercantilism - Economic policy where nations use colonies to increase their
wealth by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver.
Dutch East India Company - Most powerful trading company in Asia; Minted money,
made treaties, and raised armies.
Zheng He - Chinese Muslim admiral that sailed under the Ming Dynasty; Beginning
in 1405 (before the Europeans)Zheng He set sail to Southeast Asia and India, then
later to Arabia and Eastern Africa.
Review: Absolute Monarchs
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Divine Right - Absolute monarchs in Europe claimed that their powers came from
God and controlled all aspects of society including politics, the economy, religion,
and the military. They developed in response to territorial and religious disputes
that led to rebellions within their empires.
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Philip II - Absolute monarch of Spain from the Hapsburg Dynasty that felt it was his
duty to expand the Spanish empire and defend Catholicism. During his reign, Spain
experienced high inflation and taxes.
Spanish Armada - Philip II sent this massive fleet of ships to attack Elizabeth's
England in 1588. England was victorious in part to favorable winds and the use of
"fire ships."
Don Quixote de la Mancha - Spain experienced a Golden Age of art. This work by
Miguel de Cervantes featured a man whose imagination runs wild after reading too
many books about Medieval knights.
Religious Wars in France - During the mid-late 1500's, France experienced eight
civil wars due to religious differences between Huguenots and Catholics.
30 Years War - Fought between Spanish Hapsburgs (Catholics) and German princes
(protestants) who had aid from France. Even though Spain loses, the war results in
great population loss in Germany.
Louis XIV - The "Sun King" forced nobles to live in his grand palace at Versailles
thus making them completely dependent on him. France becomes cultural envy of
Europe during his rule. Famous saying: "I am the state."
War of the Spanish Succession - Charles II made Louis XIV's grandson heir to Spain
which would have expanded Bourbon rule in Europe.
Frederick the Great - King of Prussia that believed a good ruler should be a father
to his people. Fought War of the Austrian Succession and Seven Years War with
Maria Theresa's Austria.
Ivan the Terrible - Overthrows boyars and proclaims himself Czar at the age of 16.
He organized secret police to terrorize and murder suspected traitors.
Peter the Great - Russian czar that visits Western Europe in order to learn and
eventually modernize (Westernize) Russian military and society. Wins warm water
port on the Baltic Sea which he names St. Petersburg and it keeps Russia in better
contact with the West. Policies leave a large gap between the rich and the poor.
Petition of Right - Signed and ignored by King Charles I of England, this document
aimed to limit the king's power. Can't imprison subjects w/out due cause, can't
levy taxes w/out Parliament consent, etc.
English Civil War (1642-1649) - Puritans led by Oliver Cromwell defeat Royalists,
hold King Charles I prisoner, and have Charles I publicly trialed and executed.
Parliament - Legislative body in England that struggles for political power with
monarchs during the Age of Absolutism.
English Restoration - Following the totalitarian rule of Cromwell,
England asked Charles II to rule as a limited monarch.
Habeas Corpus (1679) - Prisoner must be brought before a judge, monarch could
not jail someone for opposing the ruler, and could not hold people indefinitely
without trials.
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Glorious Revolution - The bloodless overthrow of King James II in 1688. William
and Mary rule as limited monarchs and England becomes a constitutional
monarchy.
Constitutional Monarchy - Governmental system in which laws limit the ruler's
power.
English Bill of Rights - Drafted by Parliament in 1689 to state the rights of
Parliament and individuals.
Science, Enlightenment, French Revolution
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Nicolaus Copernicus - Polish astronomer that introduced the sun-centered or
heliocentric planetary theory during the Scientific Revolution.
Johannes Kepler - Used mathematics to show that planets revolve around the sun
in elliptical orbits.
Galileo Galilei - Italian astronomer that defends the heliocentric model before the
Catholic church; also observed Jupiter's moons.
Isaac Newton - British scientist that discovered the law of gravitation during the
Scientific Revolution.
Scientific Method - Francis Bacon helped to develop this method for solving
problems during the Scientific Revolution.
John Locke - British thinker that discussed the concept of natural rights (life,
liberty, and property) and that the government's job is to protect these rights.
Thomas Hobbes - British thinker that argued that an absolute monarch is the best
form of government due to peoples selfish behavior in work known as Leviathan.
Philosophe - French word that means philosopher during the Enlightenment
period; Believed in progress and the relationship between people and the
government.
Baron de Montesquieu - Enlightenment philosopher that stressed the idea of
separation of powers in the government. ex. Three branches of government.
Baroque - A grand style of art and music in the 1600s-early 1700s. ex. Haydn,
Bach, Mozart.
Enlightened Despot - An absolute ruler that is inspired by Enlightenment
philosophies. ex. Catherine the Great applies ideas to Russia's laws.
Third Estate - Approximately 98% of France's population that paid high taxes under
the Old Regime of King Louis XVI; consists of the bourgeoisie, urban class,
peasants.
Bourgeoisie - France's middle class that embraces Enlightenment ideals leading up
to the French Revolution; gained influence during the Revolution.
Fall of the Bastille - Symbolizes beginning of the French Revolution; mob storms
political prison and looks for gunpowder on July 14, 1789.
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Declaration of the Rights of Man - Statement of rights that the French people feel
entitled to during the Revolution; Similar to the American Declaration of
Independence; the slogan of the revolution is "liberty, equality, and fraternity
(brotherhood)."
Reign of Terror - Time period following the overthrow of King Louis XVI and Marie
Antoinette; Committee of Public Safety led by Maximilien Robespierre sentences
thousands to die, often by the guillotine. Eventually, Robespierre is sent to
guillotine by his fellow revolutionaries, ending the terror.
Napoleon Bonaparte - Military leader that seized power in France through a coup
d'etat; set up lycees (gov't run schools), national bank, fairer tax code, and code
of law that limited individual freedoms; Crowns himself Emperor of France with
the support of the Pope.
Plebiscite - vote of the people; military used this vote to approve the new French
constitution which granted him dictatorial powers.
Louisiana Purchase - Napoleon sold territory to USA in order to hurt the British and
cut some of France's debt.
Battle of Trafalgar - British navy led by Horatio Nelson defeats French navy by
splitting the French fleet; Nelson also had success against Napoleon in Egypt
1790s.
Continental System - French blockade to hurt British economy; Britain responds
with blockade of their own.
Scorched-Earth Policy - Czar Alexander I of Russia burned all resources and
livestock during Napoleon's invasion of Russia.
Congress of Vienna - Meeting of European powers to establish a balance of power
in Europe after the Age of Napoleon; results in peace and stability but ignores
nationalistic feelings in areas under foreign control; Austrian prince Metternich
was the most influential participant.
Review: Nationalism
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Latin American Revolutions - Caused by social class divisions in the early 1800s as
well as the spread of the Enlightenment ideas, American Revolution, and French
Revolution; Independence movements lead to increased poverty, cities devastated
by war, and disruption of trade.
Peninsulares - Born in Spain; hold highest gov't positions in Latin American
colonies.
Creoles - Born in Latin America to European parents; well-educated but could not
hold high gov't positions.
Mulatto - Mixed European and African ancestry.
Mestizo - Mixed European and Native American ancestry.
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Nationalism - a feeling of extreme pride that invokes a sense of unity; links people
of the same language, history, culture, customs, religion, and territory; leads to
movements of independence, unification, and revolution in the 1800s.
Haiti - First Latin American colony to win independence; revolt began with African
slaves that made up most of Haiti's population.
Simon Bolivar - Wealthy Venezuelan creole that led independence movements
throughout South America in the 1800s; known as The Liberator.
Lord Byron - English poet that provides monetary aid to Greek fleet during
independence movement from Ottoman Empire.
Crimean War - Russia's failed attempt to take over part of the Ottoman Empire;
Russia lacked adequate supplies and transportation.
Edict of Emancipation - Czar Alexander II issued this decree which freed serfs in
Russia; unfortunately, high debts kept the serfs tied to the land.
Conservative - One that believes in the political ideology that supported having a
strong monarch in the 1800s; most of Europe was under the control of
conservatives in the mid-1800s (following the Congress of Vienna).
Franco Prussian War - Prussia defeats France under Napoleon III to gain support of
Southern Germany.
Wilhelm I - Prussian king that takes on the title of Kaiser (Caesar) as first ruler of
a unified Germany; empire known as the Second Reich.
Romanticism - Movement in art that shows deep admiration and appreciation of
nature.
Impressionism - Artwork that tries to catch a specific moment.
Realism - artwork that displays realities of life such as a poor worker or slave
performing back-breaking labor.
Mary Shelley - Gothic Horror author that wrote Frankenstein.
Review: Industrial Revolution
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Industrial Revolution - Increased output of machine-made goods that began in
Great Britain during the late 1700's.
Agricultural Revolution - Increased food production leads to growing population
and industrialization; as a result, landowners experiment with new farming
methods, small farmers become tenant farmers or move to the cities.
Enclosure Movement - Wealthy landowners fenced in farms and increased farming
efficiency; smaller farmers pushed out of business and some become tenant
farmers.
Crop Rotation - Improvements made on the 3-field system from the Middle Ages;
some farmers experiment with a 4-field system which increased the nutrients in
the soil.
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Textile Production - The first area to undergo industrialization.
Spinning Mule - Invention that made textile production more efficient; housed in
factories.
Factors of Production - Economic resources that include land (natural resources),
labor (workers), capital (machinery & tools), and entrepreneurship (business
owner).
Urbanization - The growth of cities or urban areas as a result of industrialization;
people moved to cities because that is where the jobs were; in the beginning
there was a shortage of housing, diseases such as cholera spread, lack of
sanitation, and public education.
Railroads - growth of railway lines created jobs, easier and cheaper to transport
raw materials and final goods, and increased transportation between countryside
and cities.
US Industrialization - Initially Britain kept industry secrets from spreading and also
blockaded U.S. ships during the War of 1812; U.S. forced to use their own
economic resources to eventually industrialize.
Industrialization in Continental Europe - French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars,
Unifications of Italy and Germany, rising inflation, disrupted communication, and
halted trade slowed industrialization from spreading throughout Europe.
Corporation - Business owned by stockholders who share in company profits;
stockholders are not personally responsible for the debts of the business.
Imperialism - Business competition leads to industrialized nations taking
advantage of non-industrialized nations; the stronger country seeks to dominate
weaker countries economically, politically, socially, and militarily.
Adam Smith - English economist that defended free markets (Capitalism) inThe
Wealth of Nations in 1776; the selfish behavior of businesses and consumers
through the "invisible hand" promotes the advancement of society as a whole.
Thomas Malthus - Argues that the population was growing too rapidly and
therefore wars and epidemics are needed to kill off the extra people.
Laissez-faire - Belief that the government should not intervene in the economy.
Jeremy Bentham - Utilitarian that argues that the purpose of the government is to
promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Socialism - In the 19th century, socialists argued that the gov't should own the
factors of production and plan the economy for the welfare of all.
Karl Marx - Wrote The Communist Manifesto with Engels, arguing that the growing
class differences will lead to a violent revolution; the "have-nots" will overthrow
the "haves" and the gov't en route to a communist society; Marx's work inspires
20th century communist movements in Russia, China, Cuba, and Korea, and
Vietnam.
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Proletariat - Working classes ("have-nots") that would eventually overthrow the
business owners ("haves).
Communism - A state in which the people own and share the economic resources
equally (like on "The Smurfs").
Labor Union - Association of workers that fights for higher wages and better
working conditions; tactics include going on strike against factory owners.
Review: Imperialism
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Imperialism - control by a industrialized nation over a weaker non-industrialized
nation; the desire for economic resources, new markets to sell goods, nationalism,
racism, and Social Darwinism are factors that led to European imperialism in
Africa, India, and South East Asia.
Berlin Conference - The discovery of gold and diamonds in Africa led to increased
European interest in the continent, also known as the "scramble for Africa";
European leaders met in Berlin in 1884-1885 to prevent them from fighting for the
land.
Boer War - conflict between Dutch settlers and the British in South Africa; the
Dutch Boers were forced onto Zulu territory which led to further conflict against
Shaka's army; eventually the Boers join British-run Union of South Africa.
Cash Crop - an agricultural product grown for profit rather; leads to famine and
starvation in colonized territories.
Colony - form of imperialism in which the conquered area is governed by a foreign
power; ex. French control of Algeria.
Protectorate - form of imperialism in which the conquered area is allowed its own
government but under the control of a foreign power; ex. British in Nigeria.
Economic Imperialism - controlled by private businesses rather than by a foreign
government; ex. British in India (prior to Sepoy Mutiny).
Sphere of Influence - claimed as exclusive investment or trading realm of a foreign
power; ex. USA with Liberia
Direct Rule - favored by France; European powers govern all affairs.
Indirect Rule - favored by Britain and the US; local rulers govern internal affairs.
Paternalism - governing as a parent; provide for needs of people while restricting
rights.
Assimilation - policy of absorbing colonized people into the culture of the
imperialist; tools include setting up European-styled schools, establishing an
official language, and forming policies that alter the native culture.
Crimean War - conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire over control of
the Black Sea; Russia loses after Britain and France join the Ottoman Empire; this
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war represents the beginning of battlefield nurses and war correspondents used in
modern wars.
Suez Canal - built to connect the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea; Egypt could
not repay its loans so the British took control of debt and canal.
Muhammad Ali - Egyptian leader that broke away from Ottoman control and
instituted a series of reforms and joined the French to build the Suez Canal.
Raj - time period of British rule in India.
Sepoy Mutiny - bloody uprising of Indian soldiers in British India that began after a
new rifle was introduced to the military; beef and pork fat was used to grease the
new guns which went against the Hindu and Muslim cultures.
Pacific Rim - South East Asia and the islands on the edge of the Pacific Ocean.
King Mongkut - leader of Siam that maintained independence by modernizing and
playing the British and French rivals against each other.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Queen Liliuokalani