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ANTHRO 309, Semester 2, 2016 Example Mid-Term In-Class Test Calculators are permitted. No mobile phones, laptops, or any internet-enabled devices are allowed. Answer questions as thoroughly as possible in the space provided and give all information requested for full credit. 1) Indicate the scale of the following variables: Type of decorative motif on a Lapita pottery sherd Calendar years in which total solar eclipses have been visible from London Ranked abundance of fish taxa per excavation layer at Wairau Bar Projectile points divided into length categories of small, medium and large Projectile point lengths in centimetres Bicameral breadths of Polish males from housing classified as βBadβ Blood type of individuals using the ABO (e.g. A-, B+) system 2) What are all the possible measures of central tendency for the following variable scales?: Ratio Nominal Interval Ordinal 3) Use the following graphic to answer the questions below: What is the modal pathology? What scale of data is displayed in the graphic Page 1 of 7 ANTHRO 309, Semester 2, 2016 Example Mid-Term In-Class Test 4) Use the following graphic to answer the questions below What scale of data is displayed in the graphic What is the median number of Grave Good Types in this data set What is the modal number of Grave Good Types in this data set 5) Use the following table to answer the questions below: Abundance Rank Taxon Stratum IV Stratum V Lepus sp. 1 1 Sylvilagus sp. 2 2 Marmota flaviventris 4 6 Dipodomys spp. 5 4 Neotoma lepida 6 5 Neotoma cinerea 3 3 Microtus sp. 7 7 What scale of data is displayed in the table What is the median ranked taxon in Stratum IV 6) Name the statistics generated by these formulae: β (π₯π βππππ)2 πβ1 β π₯π π standard deviationβ βπ Page 2 of 7 ANTHRO 309, Semester 2, 2016 Example Mid-Term In-Class Test 7) The following data are average annual salaries for various positions in a top UK university. Use these data to answer the following questions (blank space for calculations if you need it): £42,069 £12,371 £15,710 £22,008 £12,041 £31,368 £38,739 £155,235 £52,462 £50,869 What is the mean salary based on these data What is the 50th percentile based on these data What is the 1st quartile based on these data What is the 3rd quartile based on these data What salaries are within the midspread Is the mean or median a better measure of central tendency of these data AND WHY? 8) Use the following graphic to answer the question below (from Zanolli et al. 2011 Human Bio.): Assuming all data are shown in the box & whisker plots, which delivery mode leads to the largest range of NL widths Page 3 of 7 ANTHRO 309, Semester 2, 2016 Example Mid-Term In-Class Test 9) Use the graphic and accompanying data to answer the questions below You will conduct archaeological survey across a sample of 300 one-acre plots throughout Mexico and your research requires a stratified random sample of survey areas over three broad ecological zones shown above. Cool Tropical Highlands comprise 24% of Mexico, Warm Tropical lowlands comprise 35% of, and Extra-Tropical Drylands comprise 41% of. How many one-acre plots within each region will you survey? Cool Tropical Highlands Warm Tropical Lowlands Extra-tropical drylands 10) Why might a systematic sampling regime not generate a representative sample of a statistical population? 11) What form of sampling describes the following procedure: a random number generator used to draw numbered ceramic sherds from an assemblage 12) What is the sample element for these data: the frequency distribution of femur lengths of Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans) recovered from excavated sediment at the Shag River Mouth site after passing the sediment through screens of 25 mm mesh size. Page 4 of 7 ANTHRO 309, Semester 2, 2016 Example Mid-Term In-Class Test 13) Why might the data in 12 (above) not represent the statistical population of Rattus exulans at the site 14) Are the following variables reasonably assumed to be dependent or independent: The mean arm lengths of two equatorial populations, one in central Africa and one in northern Brazil Distribution of maximum (i.e., systolic) blood pressure measurements in a sample of Auckland university students and a sample of Otago university students The lengths (cm) & weights (g) of Clovis projectile points from Missouri Highest educational degree earned and mean lifetime salary for pensioners in Sydney The x- and y-axis variables in the graphic below 15) Describe one method used to determine if a distribution of variates resembles a normal distribution: 16) Given a sufficiently normal distribution, what proportion of variates is within two standard deviations (positive or negative) of the mean: Page 5 of 7 ANTHRO 309, Semester 2, 2016 Example Mid-Term In-Class Test 17) In plain English, what does it mean to evaluate the results of your statistical test using a significance level (ο‘ο©ο of 0.05 18) Indicate the appropriate inferential test statistic for the problems below: In an archaeological ceramic assemblage is the number of decorative motif categories on a pottery sherd independent of the surface area of the sherd. Surface area is measured by three categories: small, medium, and large Is there a significant difference in the mean basal horn perimeter (cm) of pre-domesticated cattle (Bos primigenius) from a large palaeontological assemblage and the mean basal horn perimeter of a large archaeological assemblage of early domesticated cattle (Bos taurus) Among a sufficiently large sample of individuals, is there a significant difference in cholesterol measured (in millimoles per litre, mmol/L) before and after a homeopathic regimen Give the following data, are archaeological sites randomly distributed across environmental zones Zone Highlands Alluvial Flats Coastal Flats Total N of Sites 19 12 7 38 km2 3.9 8.3 1.4 13.6 % of Total Sites 50.0 31.6 18.4 100.0 Area Surveyed (km2) % of Total 28.7 61.0 10.3 100.0 19) You are analysing a cemetery with three different grave types, jar burials, wooden chambers and stone chambers and you suspect that there may be a relationship between burial type and the age of individuals at death. A cross-tabulation of age a death in three categories and burial type is shown below. Use these data to answer the following questions. Age at Death Burial Type Jar Burial observed expected Wood Chamber observed expected Stone Chamber observed expected < 21 years 21-40 years > 40 years 23 17.54 12 13.90 10 13.57 19 20.26 17 16.06 16 15.70 11 15.20 13 12.04 15 11.80 What scale are the data in the cross-tabulation Page 6 of 7 ANTHRO 309, Semester 2, 2016 Example Mid-Term In-Class Test A simple rule of thumb regarding sample size for data such as these is that expected frequencies in all cells should be greater or equal to what Using the formula for Chi-squared, β (ππ βπΈπ )2 πΈπ , compute the chi-squared value of the shaded cell only What are the degrees of freedom for this x2 test using the formula v = (r-1)(i-1) If x2 = 0.27 for these data and the x2 critical value is 9.49 at ο‘ = 0.05, and at the appropriate degrees of freedom, what is our conclusion regarding the relationship between burial type and the age of individuals at death 20) Is the 2.5 m2 difference in mean house floor area between Formative and Classic Period Maya houses statistically significant? Use the data below to answer the following questions Formative n Classic 32 floors 52 floors median 24.3 26.3 Μ π 23.8 26.3 standard deviation (s) 3.4 4.5 standard error (se) 0.60 0.63 What is the appropriate form of t-test to answer the question above Should we calculate one-sided or two-sided probabilities for the statistic tο½ Using the formula as a guide, x1 ο x2 SEο¨ x1 ο x2 ο© , describe in plain English what t calculates Completing the formula for t results in (23.8-26.3)/0.93 = -2.69 and with degrees of freedom (df) = 82. The appropriate p-value for this t and df is 0.008. What is the appropriate interpretation of the test statistic Page 7 of 7