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Final Exam Review
Take these Notes!
Study them, ask
questions!!!
Unit 1 Force and Motion
Speed and velocity
Newton’s first
Newton’s second
Newton’s third law
Recognizing laws of motion
Analyzing motion using graphs
Mass verses weight
Gravity
Work and power
Simple machines
Speed and Velocity
An object is in motion when it’s distance
from a fixed object is changing. Ex me & desk walk from
point of reference
Speed is the rate at which motion occurs.
A “rate” is the change of something per unit
time Ex: m/s
Speed = d/t
Velocity = distance / time and the direction
Do the problems on the next page.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Which of the following involves
velocity?
A bicyclist traveled 68.7 meters
A Bear ran 42 feet in only 3 seconds
A tornado traveled 3 miles toward
Walter hill in 2 minutes.
Todd beat Mary in the 100 yard dash
by 3 seconds.
An ice cream truck traveled
1.7km in only 3 minutes,
what was the truck’s
velocity in km/min and
km/s?
The speed is .57km/min or .0094km/s but
the velocity is unknown because you need
a direction like .57km/min toward the
playground or to the east, etc.
Newton’s first law of motion
An object at rest remains at rest and
an object in motion remains in motion
unless acted upon by an unbalanced
force
Remember Newton’s I = The law of
inertia
The tendency of objects to resist a
change in their motion
In order to change anything's present
motion an unbalanced force must act
on it
It takes a force to start an object moving
Rock, car, book, ball etc
It takes a force to slow or stop an object
from moving
Ex: friction with floor, road, table, air
Forces can be balanced or unbalanced. Ex: tug
of war, terminal velocity
Mass is a measure of inertia.
Inertia is the tendency for objects to resist a
change in their motion so it makes sense that
something with more mass would have more
inertia. The > The mass the > the inertia
Ex: question
How does Newton’s first
law relate to a person
crashing a bike into a wall?
The bike has inertia, it wants to continue going forward at
the same rate of speed until the wall exerts a force on the
bike to stop it.
What about the person on the bike?
What would stop the bike if there was no wall?
Newton’s second law
Pedal bike hard or easy to speed up fast? Force is related to acceleration
The force on an object is equal to the
mass of the object and the objects
acceleration
Force = Mass x Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate at which velocity
changes so remember, acceleration happens
whenever something speeds up, slows
down, or changes direction.
Ex: car speeding up, slowing down or
turning. Like the Ferris Wheel question.
A = Δv/t
The units of acceleration are m/s^2 or
Draw graph now
m/s/s
A car is moving 3m/s after 1 second, at
the end of 2 seconds it is moving at a rate
of 6m/s. this does not mean that it
traveled 6m in 2 seconds! This means
that it is traveling 6m/s at the end of 2
seconds. At three seconds the object is
traveling at 9m/s then the acceleration is
a = vf-vi
a = 9-0
= 3m/s/s
t
3
Ex: A person pushes a shopping cart,
which one of the following will result
in an increase of the shopping cart’s
acceleration?
Increasing the amount of groceries
in the cart
 Decreasing the force on the cart
 Decreasing the distance traveled by
the cart
 Increasing the force on the cart

Newton’s Third Law
For every action force there
is an equal and opposite
reaction force.
Action–reaction forces are not balanced
forces.


Balanced forces act on one object in different
directions
Ex: tug of war and rope
Action- reaction forces act on two different
objects
Ex: a person on roller skates and a wall
The rocket forces hot gases
downward and the hot
gases must exert an equal
and opposite reaction on
the rocket
Applying the Three Laws
Force on water
Force on squid
First law- inertia. Squid is still and continues to be still
until a force acts on it
Third law- the squid pushes water backward from
inside the body The water pushes the squid forward
Second law the harder the squid pushes the water
out, the greater the acceleration
Ex: question
A man is stuck out on very slippery ice
on a frozen lake. He is close to shore
but cannot reach it. He throws his
backpack away from shore and he
slides into the shore himself.
Explain how the three laws of motion
apply in this situation.
Analyzing Motion Using Graphs
A line graph compares two
variables.
When looking at a graph, make
sure you know exactly what the
variables are on each axis.
Look at the following graphs.
Velocity
Distance (Km)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1
2
3
Time (h)
4
5
Acceleration
30
Velocity (m/s)
25
20
15
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Time (s)
9
10 11 12 13
Mass Versus Weight
The force that pulls objects
toward the earth is called gravity
All objects have weight due to
gravity
Weight is a measure of the force
of gravity exerted on an object
F=mxa
so
W=mxg
Because of the equation, Weight
varies with different masses and
gravities.
W=mxg
Acceleration due to gravity
(g) on earths surface is
9.8m/s/s or 9.8m/s^2
Draw picture 4.9, 19.6, 44.1
Weight is not the same as
mass
Weight is a measure of the force
of gravity exerted on an object
Newtons
Mass is a measure of how much
matter is in an object Kilograms
Weight changes from place to place
but mass never changes!
Example Question
An object on Earth has
a mass of 10kg. What is
the objects weight?





98lb
98N
109.8N
980N
980lb
Gravity in Action: of Satellites and Tides
Satellites are objects that
travel around other objects
in space
Satellites travel at constant
speeds but are always
accelerating.
Gravity and inertia
Inertia
Fg
http://www.sfgate.com/getoutside/1996/jun/tides.html
Spring tides happen when
the Earth, moon, and sun line
up. They result in really high
high tides and really low low
tides.
Low tide
High tide
High tide
Low tide
Draw on board
Neap tides happen when the
earth, and moon make a right
angle with the sun and result
in lower than normal high
tides and higher than normal
low tides
High tide
Low tide
Work and Power
Work equals force times distance
N x m = 1Nm = 1Joule
W=Fxd
Two things must happen for work to be
done:


The object must move some distance
The object must move in the same direction as
the force.
click to show unit
then do
Ex: books being carried
Power
You can do the same amount of
work in different times, do the
work fast or slow
Power is the rate at which work is
done
Power equals work divided by time
P = w/t the Watt is the SI unit
for power
1W = 1j/s
Ex: Problem
Mr. D’s Jeep exerts a
force of 1000N to pull a
boat 20m in 8s. What is
the power output of the
jeep in kW?
2.5kW
Simple machines
A machine is a device that makes
work easier to do.
Some machines decrease the
amount of force you must exert at
a given time
Some machines decrease the
distance over which you need to
exert the force
And Some change the direction in
which you exert the force
6 Simple Machines
in 2 Families
Inclined plane family
Lever family
Inclined plane
Simple lever

Wedge
screw


First class
Second class
Third class
Wheel and axle
Pulley
Inclined plane family
Output force
Simple inclined plane
A wedge is a
modification of
an inclined plane
it is made of two
inclined planes,
Smaller force over
longer distance,
output force is
changed
A screw is
an inclined
plane
wrapped
around a
cylinder
Simple levers
First class
Second class
Third class
Lever Family
Lever Family
A wheel and axle is a wheel
connected to a shaft. Ex:
roller skate wheels, screw
drivers, cranks Etc.
Output
force
Input
force
Lever Family
pulley
Single fixed
Single movable
The Structure and
Properties of Matter
Measuring matter
Phases of matter
Atomic structure
Elements and compounds
Chemical symbols and formulas
The periodic table
Mixtures
Solutions
Measuring matter
Mass is the amount of
matter in an object
Mass is measured on a
balance
The SI unit of mass is
grams or kilograms
Volume is the amount of space
that something occupies
How volume is measured depends on the
object being measured
The volume of a regular shaped solid can be
measured by using the formula l x w x h (try
to use cubic centimeters if you can) c^3
l
H
The volume of liquids can be
measured in a graduated cylinder.
The volume of an
irregular solid can be
measured using a
graduated cylinder and a
liquid.
Do this for them
Density
Density = mass divided by volume
D=m/v
g/cm^3
Two objects might have the same
mass but occupy very different
volumes.
Ex: 1kg feathers and 1kg lead
Two objects might have the same
volumes but very different masses
Ex: brick and sponge
Density continued.
Density is a characteristic
physical property.
The density of something
determines if something
will float in water or not.
The density of water is
1g/cm^3
Example Question
A sample of pumice rock
occupies a volume of
20.1cm^3 And has a mass
of 18g. What is it’s
density?
.90g/cm^3
Will the rock float in
water? yes
Phases of matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
a Solid has:
a Definite volume and
definite shape
Particles tightly
packed but can vibrate
in place
A liquid has
A definite volume but no definite
shape
Particles still close together but
with enough energy to overcome
some of their intermolecular
attraction to each other.
Free to slide around each other
A gas has
no definite volume and no definite
shape
Gasses will expand to fill their
container because they have
enough kinetic Energy to
overcome almost all of their
intermolecular attraction to each
other
A Plasma
Exists only at very high
temperatures
Is similar to a gas but contains
pieces of particles and not all
whole particles of matter
Can be found in fluorescent light
bulbs
Naturally occurring plasmas
include Fire, northern lights,
lightning.The stars
Example question:
A sample of matter
occupies the same
amount of space no
matter what it’s container
may be, yet it always
takes the shape of it’s
container.
What phase of matter is it
in?
The atom
The atom
is the basic building block of matter
Is made up of
 Protons + with a positive charge
 Electrons – with a negative
charge
 And Neutrons with a neutral
charge
Electron cloud
electrons
nucleus
Protons and
neutrons
N
P+
E-
Neutrons are slightly more massive
than protons
Protons are 1,836 time more
massive than electrons
So almost all of the mass of an
atom is located in the nucleus
While almost all of the volume of
an atom is the surrounding electron
cloud
Elements and compounds
There are over 100 different
types of atoms
Different types of atoms make up
different elements
An element is a pure substance
made up of only one type of
atoms
Elements are listed on the
periodic table
Common Elements
Helium, oxygen, carbon,
nitrogen, gold, silver,
copper, aluminum
Pure Substances
Elements are pure
substances
Compounds are pure
substances they are made
of two or more elements
Compounds can be given in
single formulas
Common Compounds
Water, carbon dioxide
sugar rubbing alcohol,
ammonia, sodium
chloride, baking soda,
hydrogen peroxide
Elements
Elements and compounds
are pure substances
Which of these examples
best represents an element
A-helium in a balloon
B-the air you breathe
C-a gravel driveway
C-salt
Objectives for the Day
2.1a Select a pure substance,
which is an element or
compound, from a list of
choices
2.2c Recognize symbols for
common elements (H, He,
LI…)Or formulas for common
compounds given a list.
Elements and compounds
TN standard 2.1a & 2.2c
There are two categories of
matter: pure substances and
mixtures
Pure substances are the same
throughout and do not vary from
sample to sample.
For example:
a sample of
pure silver is made of all silver
atoms and two different samples
of pure silver would be the same.
Elements and compounds
are pure substances
An Element is a pure substance
made up of only one type of
atom
Ex: gold, iron, hydrogen etc.
A compound is a pure substance
made up of atoms of two or
more elements that are
chemically bonded together and
take on their own properties
Examples of compounds
include:
Water, carbon dioxide, sugar,
sodium chloride Etc.
Overhead examples
Many compounds and some
elements exist as molecules.
A molecule is the smallest
unit of an element or
compound that retains all of
the properties of that element
or compound Example tubes of H and O
2
2
Pure Substances
Elements
Are represented by
chemical symbols
that are one or two
letters long and
have the first letter
capitalized.
Examples:
Aluminum
 Carbon
 Copper

Al
C
Cu
Compounds
Are represented by
chemical formulas
which are made up
of symbols and
numbers
Sodium
Chloride NaCl
 Hydrogen
peroxide H2O2
 Glucose
C6H12O6

Chemical formulas have two
kinds of numbers
The Subscript tells us how many of
the preceding thing there are.
C6H12O6
Al2(SO3)3
Coefficients tell us how many of
everything after them there are
until we get to a space
6H20
+ 6CO2 > C6H12O6
+ 6O2
Example Question:
Which of the following best
represents an element?
 The air you breath
 A gravel driveway
 Sodium chloride
 The helium in a balloon
What is the symbol for
Copper?
What is the symbol for
iron?
How many Oxygen
atoms are represented in
the following formulas?
H2O CO2
Al2(SO4)3
Work in Groups of
Three in Your Rows
Do Questions 1-9 of
the Practice
Worksheet
Science Log
Fill in the Chart
Particle Charge Mass
Proton
Location
In The
Nucleus
neutral
0 amu
Two New Objectives
2.2a Identify an element as a
metal, non-metal, or metalloid
using the periodic table
2.3a Identify the atomic
number, atomic mass, number
of protons, number of
neutrons, and electrons in an
atom of a given element using
the periodic table
The periodic table
Elements
are 2.2a
arranged
on
Tn standard
& 2.3a
the periodic table in order
of increasing atomic number
The Atomic # is the number
of protons an atom has.
For example: element 1 is
Hydrogen and it has 1
proton
Look at periodic table for more examples
Reading the Boxes on the
Periodic Table
20
Ca
40
Calcium
Atomic #
The # of
protons
determines what
an element is
Mass
number
# of protons and
neutrons
Here is how to figure out how
many protons, neutrons,and
electrons each atom has
20
Ca
40
Calcium
40
-Atomic # -20
Mass #
# of
Neutrons
20
Practice on board using examples from periodic table
Reading the Boxes on the
Periodic Table
1
H
1.008
Hydrogen
Atomic #
How do you
get .008 of a
neutron?
Draw Cl-35 and Cl-37 on board
Explain isotopes and ave atomic mass
The periodic table contains:
Vertical columns are called
groups or families
Horizontal rows are called periods
Compare and contrast metals & non
Luster (shininess)
Good conductors of
heat and electricity
High density (heavy for
their size)
High melting point
Ductile (most metals
can be drawn out into
thin wires)
Malleable (most metals
can be hammered into
thin sheets)
No luster (dull
appearance)
Poor conductor of
heat and electricity
Brittle (breaks
easily)
Not ductile
Not malleable
Low density
Low melting point
Metaloids
(semiconductors)
They have some of the properties
of both metals and non metals
B
At
Example question:
According to the periodic table,
classify the following into
categories of
metal, non-metal, or
metalloid/semiconductor
 Boron
B
 Strontium Sr
 Lead
Pb
 Krypton
Kr
Noble Gases
Also know:
Work in groups of
three in your rows
Do Questions 10-17
of the practice
worksheet
Mixtures
State objective 2.1b. Identify a
substance as a compound or mixture
given a description of the substance
A mixture is a blend of
more than one pure
substance
Unlike a pure substance, a
mixture can vary from
sample to sample. Ex: dirt,
fruit salad etc.
Two Types of Mixtures
Homogeneous
mixtures
Are the same
throughout and
can be called
solutions
Ex: water and
alcohol, Salt
and water,
Heterogeneous
mixtures
Are not the
same
throughout
Ex: marbles
and sand, dirt,
Caesar salad
Example question:
Which of these is a mixture
you might find at the
beach?
 Carbon
 Oxygen
 Sunlight
 Sand
Solutions
Tn State objective 2.1d distinguish
between elements, compounds, solutions,
colloids, and suspensions given an
example
A solution is a homogeneous
mixture in the same phase. You
cannot tell where one thing is and
another begins in a solution
Ex:Saline solution
Mixtures
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Solutions
Really small particles evenly mixed
Solute
Solvent
Suspensions
Particles so large they settle
out
Colloids
Particles larger than solution
particles and smaller than
suspensions they do not settle out
In a solution, one thing is dissolved in
another.
The solute, is the stuff that
is dissolved
The solvent is the
substance that does the
dissolving.
Ex; sugar or salt in water
Example question:
Which of these can be used
to identify a suspension.
A solute is dissolved in a
solvent
 Particles are small
 Particles settle if undisturbed
 A solid is dissolved in a liquid

Tyler
Interactions of matter
Physical and chemical changes
Chemical reactions and equations
Balancing chemical equations
Types of chemical reactions
Endothermic and exothermic reactions
Acids bases and salts
Acid rain.
Physical and Chemical Changes
A physical change alters
the appearance of matter
without altering the
composition of the matter.
Ex: water changes phases
of matter but it is still all
H2O
Chemical changes alter both
the appearance and
composition of the matter.
During a chemical change,
new substances are formed.
C + O2 > CO2
Ex: carbon and oxygen
combine to form carbon
dioxide. It has different
properties than the two
ingredients
Physical Vs. Chemical Changes
Physical
Water – ice-steam
Sugar cubegranules
Pencil - broken
pencil
Wood to sawdust
Chemical
Shiny silver to
tarnished silver
Statue of liberty
Wood turns to
ash
A swing set
rusts
Things That Tell Us a Chemical
Change Has Happened
Production of gas
Baking soda and vinegar
Change in color
Leaves turn in the fall
Formation of a precipitate
Like when we put two clear liquids
together and solids fell out
Ex: Problem
Classify the following as
chemical or physical
changes.
 Splitting logs
 Water evaporating from a
puddle
 A chair is painted
 Dough bakes into bread
Chemical reactants and changes
Chemical changes occur during
chemical reactions during
which, bonds are broken and
the atoms are re-arranged.
This creates new substances
with new properties.
Ex:
H2 + O2 > H2O
The things that enter into a
chemical reaction are called
Reactants
The things the reactants turn
into are called Products
6H2O + 6CO2
Reactants
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Products
Write a chemical equation and
identify the reactants and
products
Iron reacts with sulfur to
make Ferris sulfide (FeS)
Reactants
Products
Fe + S > FeS
Balancing chemical equations
TN ed objectives 3.2d,3.3a
The mass of the reactants has
to equal the mass of the
products.
This is the conservation of
mass. Matter is neither created
nor destroyed.
Balance the following equations
H2 + O2 > H2O2
H2 + O2 > H2O
Mg + O2 > MgO
Choose the Properly Balanced
Equation.
H2 + Cl2 > HCl
Al2O3 > Al + 3O2
H2 + F2 > 2HF
2H2 + O2 > H2O
Types of chemical reactions
3.2b,3.3b
Single displacement
Double displacement
Synthesis
Decomposition
Single displacement
A + BX > AX + B
Na + HCl > NaCl + H2
Double displacement
AX + BY > BX + AY
HCl + NaOH > NaCl + H2O
Synthesis – two or more
substances come together to
form a new, more complicated
compound
A + B > AB
Ca + 2Br > CaBr2
Decomposition – A single
compound reacts to form
two or more simpler
substances
AB > A + B
Example question
What type of chemical
reaction is this.
H2CO3 > CO2 + H2O
Endothermic and Exothermic
Reactions
All chemical reactions
cause a change in energy
Energy is the ability to do
work or cause change
Energy is stored in the
chemical bonds that hold
matter together.
Chemical energy and heat
energy are involved in a
chemical reaction
Some of the energy of the
reactants is stored in the bonds
as chemical energy
Some of the energy is tied to the
temperature of the reactants
Have a certain
amount of TTL
energy both chem
and heat
R-e-a-c-t-a-n-t-s
Have the same TTL
energy both chem
and heat
P-r-o-d-u-c-t-s
70% chemical Energy
50% chemical Energy
30% heat Energy
50% heat Energy
temp of reactants is 21C
temp of reactants is 51C
If during the rearranging of the atoms
some of this chemical energy is released
as heat, then the product will have less
chemical energy and will have a higher
temperature
Chemical energy
If the reactants have more chemical
energy than the products then the
reaction is an exothermic reaction
because the reaction releases heat
reactants
products
Time
So what does this mean?
If the temperature of the
products is higher than the
temperature of the
reactants then heat was
released and the reaction is
exothermic
Example question
The reaction between baking soda an
vinegar is exothermic. What must be
true about the temperatures of the
substances involved in the reaction?




The temperature of the reactants is the same as
the products
The temperature of the products is lower than
that of the reactants
The temperature of the products is higher than
that of the reactants
The temperature of the reactants is replaced
with the temperature of the reactants
An acid is something that
increases the H+
concentration making more
hydronium ions H3O+
Acids taste sour.
ABR
An Indicator is a substance
that changes color in the
presence of an acid or base
For example: litmus paper
Acids corrode metals
Acids Bases and Salts
Bases feel slippery and
taste bitter
Bases have OH or the
hydroxide ion on their
formulas
Sodium hydroxide is drain
cleaner, While ammonium
hydroxide is a household
cleaner
Bases
Bases don’t react with
metals but they will react
with fats and oils to
make soap
Acids and bases can react to
make salts and water
Salts are neutral
HCl + NaOH > NaCl + H2O
The pH scale
1 Before 14
A before B
Strong
acid
Neutral
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Strong
base
Ex: Question
The pH of an egg is
between 7.6 and 8.0. How
would you describe an egg?
 Weak acid
 Strong base
 Strong acid
 Weak base
Acid Rain
Many industrial processes
(factories) release large
amounts of chemicals into
the air.
Some of these chemicals
combine with the water in
the air to form acids. The
acidic water then fall to Earth
in the form of acid rain.
Some of the acidic rain can have pH
levels of as low as 3.5!!! More acidic
than a tomatoes!
Energy
The nature of energy
Types of waves
Characteristics of waves
Wave interactions
Thermal energy and heat
Temperature scales
Nuclear energy
Electrical energy
The nature of energy
Energy is the ability to do
work or cause change
When you do work,
you transfer energy to the
object. For ex; move a ball
from floor to over head.
Throw a ball Etc.
Different Forms of Energy
Chemical energy – is the energy
stored in the bonds that hold
compounds together.
Thermal energy is the total
energy of the particles of a
sample of matter
Heat is the transfer of thermal
energy from one thing to
another.
Different Forms of Energy
Electrical energy is the energy
produced by moving electric
charges
Electromagnetic energy is
light energy radiation from
the EM spectrum
Nuclear energy is energy
stored in the nucleus of an
atom
Different Forms of Energy
Mechanical energy is the
energy associated with the
motion and position of an
object. It is the total of the
Kinetic and potential energies.
Kinetic energy is the energy of
motion
Potential energy is the energy
of position.
No matter what kind of
energy you are talking
about, one thing is sure.
Energy is conserved.
This means that energy does
not just disappear. It
changes into other types of
energy.
A clock pendulum will
eventually stop. But the
energy was not destroyed.
Energy From Sun to Plants to
Fire to People. Energy Is
Changed From Form to Form
A researcher determined the amount of
electrical energy that entered a toaster.
Then figured the amount of thermal
energy produced. The thermal energy
was less than the electrical energy, what
could be the reason for the difference?
Some of the energy was changed into electromagnetic energy of
light.
Waves
Most waves require a medium.
They are called mechanical
waves. Ex: sound, seismic,
surface waves etc.
Some waves do not require a
medium and can travel through
empty space, (vacuum). They
are called electromagnetic
waves or light of all
wavelengths
The Medium is
The matter that a wave
travels through
A wave is
a disturbance that transfers
energy from one place to
another
Waves are produced by
vibrations
Waves Are Classified by How
They Travel
A transverse wave moves
perpendicular to the disturbance.
The particles oscillate perpendicular
to the waves motion.
Particle
vibration
Wave motion
In a longitudinal wave, the
particles vibrate parallel to the
motion of the wave
Particle motion
Wave motion
Ex:question
Which of the following best
represents the motion of a
transverse wave and the
motion of the particles in the
medium?
A
 B

C
 D

Crest
transverse
Resting position
Trough
longitudinal
Rarefaction
Compression
Compression
Wavelength
Wavelength
Wavelength
The amplitude is the maximum
distance that the particles are
displaced from their resting
positions Amplitude is loudness in
sound, brightness in light
Frequency is the number of
waves that pass a given point
in a given time.
For Ex: If 32 waves go by a
place in 1 second then the
frequency is 32 Hz.
Each Hz is one
vibration(wave) per second
Frequency determines pitch
Which one
has the
greatest
frequency
and
therefore the
highest pitch
Which one
has the
greatest
amplitude
and what can
this tell you
if it is sound
or light?
Now draw problem from 103
Reflection Is the Process of a
Wave Bouncing off a Surface.
Echo, Mirror Etc
The direction that a wave reflects
depends on the angle at which it
struck the surface.
The law of
Angle of
incidence
Angle of
reflection
reflection Angle
of incidence
must equal the
angle of
reflection.
Refraction is the bending of
waves as they pass from one
medium into another.
It is caused by the change in
speeds of the waves as they
pass from medium to medium
air
water
Diffraction is the bending of
a wave as it passes by an
edge or through an opening