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* TEST #3 Monday July 16 * CHAPTER 47 and CHAPTER 48 – Ecology * CHAPTER 6 – to describe the roles of photosynthesis and cellular respiration * * Carrying capacity * Cellular respiration * Climax community * Commensalism * Consumer * Cyclic growth * Decomposer * Density-dependent factors * Ecological succession * Energy flow * Exponential growth * * Logistic growth * Mutualism * Parasitism * Photosynthesis * Pioneer species * Population * Producer * Products * Pyramid of energy * Reactants * Steady state * symbiosis * Interdependent roles of organisms in ecosystems * Energy flow and energy pyramids * Photosynthesis and cellular respiration * Factors affecting population growth * * Describe the process of ecological succession * Pioneer species and climax community * Explain the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers * Describe a pyramid of energy (energy flow) * Describe the roles of photosynthesis and cellular respiration within a pyramid of energy * Describe the stages a population goes through as it increases in size (exponential growth, logistic growth, cyclic growth, carrying capacity, steady state * Describe density –depemndent and density independent factors that limit and control population growth * Define symbiosis: parasitism, commensalism and mutualism * *Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. *Biosphere contains the combined portions of the planet in which life exists, including land, water, and air or atmosphere. * * * Species is a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed. * Population are groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. * Communities are assemblages of the different populations that live together in a defined area. * Ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live together in a particular place as well as their nonliving or physical environment. * Biome is a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities. * * Sunlight is the main source of energy for life on Earth. *Some types of organisms rely on the energy stored in inorganic chemical compounds. *Autotrophs (producers) use energy from the environment to fuel assembly of simple compounds into complex organic molecules. * *The best known autotrophs are those that harness the power of the sun through photosynthesis. They use this energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. *The second type of autotrophs use chemical energy to make carbohydrates. This is performed by several types of bacteria. * * Heterotrophs (consumers) rely on other organisms for their energy and food. * Herbivores obtain energy by eating plants. * Carnivores eat animals. * Omnivores eat both plants and animals. * Detritivores feed on the remains of plants, animals and other dead matter. * Decomposers breaks down organic matter. * * Energy flow through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various heterotrophs (consumers). * Food Chains are a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten. * Food webs show the complex interactions within an ecosystem. * Each step in a food chain or web is called a trophic level. Producers make up the first step, consumers make up the higher levels. * * An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the relationship amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food web or food chain. * Energy Pyramid only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level. * * Biomass pyramids show the total amount of living tissue available at each trophic level. This shows the amount of tissue available for the next trophic level. * Numbers pyramid shows the number of species at each trophic level. * Because each trophic level harvests only about one tenth of the energy from the level below, it can support only about one 10th the amount of living tissue. * * Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. * These cycles are the water cycle, Nutrient Cycle, Carbon Cycle, nitrogen cycle and phosphorus cycle. *