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AP PHYSICS B COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is designed as a second year physics course after completion of Physics I. Topics include Newtonian mechanics, thermodynamics, electricity, magnetism, waves, optics, quantum, and nuclear physics concepts. Students actively participate in problem-solving, traditional laboratory activities, computer-based laboratory activities, laboratory design, demonstrations, and presentations. TEXTBOOK: Fundamentals of Physics Sixth Edition by Halliday/Resnick/Walker ISBN 0-471-33235-6 John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2001 ADDITIONAL REFERENCE TEXTS: Physics: A Laboratory Manual Puri/P. Zober/G. Zober ISBN 0-13-061146-8 Pearson Custom Publishing ADDITIONAL COURSE MATERIAL: Data Studio Software Graphical Analysis Software INSTRUCTIONAL TIME: Students meet five periods a week plus every other day for a laboratory period, providing a total of fifteen periods during a two week cycle. Each period is forty-three minutes in length. PREREQUISITE COURSES: Students are required to have received a minimum of a C average in the following courses. Physics I Chemistry Algebra II It is also recommended that the students have completed or currently enrolled in a calculus course. GRADING SCALE: 92.0 – 100% 83.0 – 91.9% 72.0 – 82.9% 61.0 – 71.9% 00.0 – 60.9% A B C D F 1 GRADED MATERIALS: % OF GRADED ITEMS TOTAL 50 EXAMS QUIZZES 35 LABORATORY ACTIVITIES LABORATORY REPORTS IN CLASS FREE RESPONSE PROBLEMS PRESENTATIONS NOTEBOOK 15 HOMEWORK DESCRIPTION Unit quizzes and quarter exams follow the AP test format consisting of both multiple choice and free response problems. Unit quizzes are given every six days. Quarter exams are given at the end of each nine week quarter. Laboratory activities consist of traditional, inquiry, and computer-based activities. Students are requited to complete formal laboratory reports and complete laboratory presentations. Periodically students are required to complete assigned free response problems following the AP test format and present the solutions to the class. Student notebooks are collected and graded at the end of each quarter. Notebooks should contain class notes, homework, in-class problems, laboratory notes, and laboratory reports. Homework consists of assigned reading, book problems, and practice AP physics test problems. Homework is collected on the day of the unit quiz. 2 CONCEPTS U N I T 1 Standards of Measurement: Significant Figures Scientific Notation Measurement Conversion Factors Derivatives & Integrals One – Dimensional Motion Displacement Velocity Acceleration Kinematics Equations Free-Fall LEARNING OBJECTIVES Graphical Analysis Position vs. Time Graphs Velocity vs. Time Graphs Acceleration vs. Time Graphs Convert units using conversion factors. Determine the number of significant digits in a number. Place numbers in proper scientific notation. Properly use measuring devices and express measurements to the correct number of decimal places. Differentiate single variable equations. Integrate single variable equations. Define and apply definitions of displacement, velocity, and acceleration. Demonstrate proficiency in solving kinematics equation problems for motion with constant acceleration. Explain the difference between instantaneous and average speed, velocity, and acceleration. Explain the motion of a free-fall object in terms of maximum height, total time traveled, and changes in velocity. Compare and contrast Aristotle and Galileo’s theories of motion. Analyze motion graphs quantitatively and qualitatively to determine position, velocity, and acceleration through slope and area calculations. Construct position vs. time, velocity vs. time, and acceleration vs. time graph from motion descriptions. Explain patterns that exist between position vs. time, velocity vs. time, and acceleration vs. time graphs. 3 CONCEPTS U N I T 2 Vectors Vectors vs. Scalars Vector Components Vector Addition Graphical Method Component Method Cross & Dot Products Motion in Two & Three Dimensions Projectile Motion Kinematic Equations for Horizontal and Vertical Directions Additional Height Projectiles Three Dimensional Motion LEARNING OBJECTIVES Determine the vector sum utilizing the graphical method. Determine the vector sum utilizing the component method. Differentiate between vector and scalar quantities. Determine the horizontal and vertical components of a vector. Calculate the dot product of vectors. Calculate the cross product of vectors. Find direction utilizing the Right-Hand Rule. Describe projectile motion in terms of horizontal and vertical motion Demonstrate proficiency in solving projectile motion problems fired horizontally. Demonstrate proficiency in solving projectile motion problems fired at an angle. Derive a range of trajectory formula. Calculate the total time and horizontal distance traveled when the projectile falls an additional height. Explain the concept the trajectory of a three-dimensional projectile problem. Solve three dimensional differential equations given a position formula. 4 CONCEPTS U N I T 3 Forces and Motion I Newton’s Three Laws of Motion Equilibrium Problems Horizontal Surfaces Bar,Rope,Chain Problems Incline Problems Non-Equilibrium Problems Horizontal Surface Incline Problems Single Pulley Problems Apparent Weight in an Elevator Forces and Motion II Friction Static Kinetic Centripetal Force Vertical Circles Horizontal Circles LEARNING OBJECTIVES Explain and apply Newton’s Three Laws of Motion. Define conditions for equilibrium. Construct free body force diagrams and label forces. Determine tensions in strings at different angles supporting a weight. Demonstrate proficiency is solving forces on an incline plane. Describe the effects of vertical motion in an elevator on apparent weight. Calculate the weight of an object given the mass. Calculate the net force acting on an object. Determine the acceleration on an object according to Newton’s Second Law of Motion. Demonstrate proficiency in solving problems that involve objects in motion with a constant acceleration by analyzing the resultant forces on horizontal surfaces, inclined planes, and pulley systems. Construct free body force diagrams illustrating friction. Describe the difference between static and kinetic friction. Determine the coefficient of friction utilizing normal and frictional force values. Qualitatively and quantitatively determine the forces acting on an object at various locations associated with a vertical and horizontal circle. Calculate the tension in a rotating string. 5 CONCEPTS U N I T 4 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Energy Forms of Energy Mechanical Energy Kinetic Energy Work Work Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem Work Done by a Spring Conservative and NonConservative Forces Define work and the conditions for work to be done. Solve work problems for single and multiple forces. Qualitatively and quantitatively relate work to an object’s change in energy. Calculate work from the area under a curve of a force vs. displacement graph. Determine the work done on a system by an external force Determine the work done by a spring on a system. Demonstrate proficiency in solving problems that involve conservative and non-conservative forces by applying the workenergy theorem. Power Power Instantaneous Power Explain the relationship between forms of energy. Define kinetic energy. Solve kinetic energy problems. Qualitatively and quantitatively determine an object’s kinetic energy in reference to mass and velocity. Define power and relate power to work. Derive a power formula in terms of force and average velocity. Solve power problems. Describe average power and instantaneous power. 6 U N I T 5 CONCEPTS LEARNING OBJECTS Potential Energy Gravitational P.E. Elastic P.E. Potential Energy Curves Equilibrium Points Turning Points Potential energy vs. position graphs Force vs. displacement graphs Define different forms of potential (stored) energy. Define gravitational potential energy and relate gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy. Solve gravitational potential energy problems. Determine the elastic potential energy. Analyze and produce potential energy versus position graphs. Determine the turning and equilibrium points of a potential energy curve. Determine the work (energy) associated with a force versus displacement graph. Conservation of Energy Conservation of Energy Conservation of Mechanical Energy Define conditions for conservation of energy and conservation of mechanical energy. Solve mechanical energy problems including various types of mechanical energy. Solve conservation of mechanical energy problems. Design, develop, and describe a laboratory technique using conservation of mechanical energy. 7 CONCEPTS LEARNING OBJECTIVES System of Particles Explain characteristics regarding the center of mass. Determine the center of mass in two and three dimensions utilizing Center of Mass summations. Force on System of Particles Determine the net force on a system of particles in two and three dimensions utilizing summations. U N I T 6 Momentum Define the relationship between Newton’s Second Law and linear momentum. Linear Momentum Conservation of Momentum Determine linear momentum. Collisons Types of Collisions Inelastic Perfectly Inelastic Elastic Impulse-Momentum Theorem Explain conservation of momentum. Solve conservation of momentum problems. Describe and give examples of the three types of collisions. Solve collision problems utilizing conservation of momentum and conservation of energy. Define and solve impulse problems. Explain the relationship between impulse and momentum in terms of force and time. Determine the force on an object using the impulse-momentum theorem. Solve two-dimensional conservation of momentum problems. 8 U N I T 7 CONCEPTS Rotational Motion Uniform Circular Motion Angular Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Angular Kinematics Equations Tangential Speed and Acceleration Centripetal Acceleration Moment of Inertia Torque Rotational Equilibrium Torque Lever Arm Three Dimension Torque Angular Momentum Angular Momentum Right-Hand Rule Conservation of Momentum LEARNING OBJECTIVES Explain the characteristics of uniform circular motion. Explain the relationship between angular and linear displacements, velocities, and accelerations. Quantitatively and qualitatively determine an object’s angular displacement, velocity and acceleration. Determine motion quantities utilizing the angular kinematics equations. Derive an equation for centripetal acceleration of an object moving in a circle at a constant speed. Quantitatively and qualitatively relate tangential speed, tangential acceleration, and centripetal acceleration. Calculate and object’s momentum of inertia. Define the conditions for rotational and translational equilibrium. Solve rotational equilibrium problems. Calculate two and three dimensional torque magnitudes and directions. Design, develop and perform a rotational equilibrium laboratory activity. Explain the relationship between angular and linear momentum. Solve two and three dimensional angular momentum problems. Examine conservation of angular momentum and solve conservation of angular momentum problems. 9 U N I T 8 CONCEPTS Gravitation Newton’s Law of Gravitation Principle of Superposition Shell Theorem Gravitation Near Earth’s Surface Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion Kepler’s First Law Kepler’s Second Law Kepler’s Third Law Eccentricity Perihelion Aphelion Semi-major Axis LEARNING OBJECTIVES Explain the relationship mass, distance, and gravitational force. Determine the gravitational force between two masses using Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation. Define the properties of a uniform spherical shell of matter. Utilize the principle of superposition to calculate the net gravitational force acting on a system of particles. Explain why the gravitational acceleration constant varies at different locations on the Earth’s surface. Calculate the gravitational acceleration on the Earth’s surface. Identify the major axis, semi-major axis, foci, perihelion, and aphelion associated with elliptical orbits. Define, describe, and apply Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion. Relate the period of planetary motion to the semi-major axis distance. Calculate the eccentricity of planetary motion. Explain and apply the relationship between the speed and the orbital radius of a satellite. Derive Kepler’s Third Law of Motion. 10 U N I T 9 CONCEPTS Simple Harmonic Motion Oscillations Simple Harmonic Motion Wave Sinusoidal Amplitude Period Frequency Wavelength Phase Shift Simple Harmonic Motion Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Equations Hooke’s Law Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion LEARNING OBJECTIVES Define and recognize forced and damped oscillations. Explain and give examples of simple harmonic motion. Draw sinusoidal waves representing simple harmonic motion. Describe the displacement, velocity, and acceleration of simple harmonic motion in terms of a reference circle. Quantitatively and qualitatively determine the amplitude, period, frequency, wavelength and phase shift associated with a simple harmonic motion sinusoidal wave. Derive displacement, velocity, and acceleration equations for simple harmonic motion. Given a time dependent equation of simple harmonic motion, determine the displacement, velocity, acceleration, phase shift, and phase constant of the wave. Explain and calculate the Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion in relation to Hooke’s Law. Determine the energy associated with an object in simple harmonic motion. Solve problems involving horizontal and vertical mass-spring systems. Design, develop, construct, and perform a laboratory activity utilizing Hooke’s Law to determine the spring constant value. 11 CONCEPTS U N I T 1 0 Fluids Density Pressure Gauge Pressure Pascal’s Principle Archimedes’ Principle Ideal Fluids Bernoulli’s Principle Waves Types of Waves Mechanical & Matter Speed of a Traveling Wave Interference Standing Waves Sound Waves Speed of Sound Interference Intensity Harmonics & Beats Doppler Effect LEARNING OBJECTIVES Quantitatively and qualitatively determine a substance’s density using mass and volume. Design, develop, construct and perform a laboratory activity to determine the density of Play-doh. Determine the pressure using force vs. surface area and height of fluid. Define and relate atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure, and absolute pressure. Define and utilize Pascal’s, Archimedes’, & Bernoulli’s Principles. Explain and recognize mechanical vs. matter waves, and transverse vs. longitudinal waves. Given a sinusoidal equation for wave speed, determine the amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and phase constant. Define and calculate constructive & destructive interference. Explain standing waves, nodes, antinodes, and resonance. Determine the speed of sound using bulk modulus. Calculate constructive & destructive interference of sound. Determine the intensity of sound waves. Explain and calculate harmonics on strings and pipes. Determine the beats using frequencies. Explain & calculate frequency shifts using Doppler Effect. 12 CONCEPTS U N I T 1 1 Temperature Scales Kelvin Scale Celsius Scale Fahrenheit Scale Temperature Conversions Thermodynamics Thermal Expansion Linear Expansion Volume Expansion First Law of Thermodynamics Pressure vs. Volume Diagrams Heat Thermal Energy Heat Capacity Specific Heat Capacity Heat of Transformation Heat of Vaporization Heat of Fusion LEARNING OBJECTIVES Qualitatively and quantitatively determine the relationship between Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit temperature scales. Convert a given temperature into a Kelvin, Celsius, or Fahrenheit temperature. Relate freezing points and boiling points to determine temperature scales. Explain the effects of temperature on length and volume of various materials. Calculate the linear and volume expansion of materials. Explain the relationship between work, heat, and internal energy in terms of the First Law of Thermodynamics. Given a pressure vs. volume diagram explain the relationship between work, heat, and internal energy. Calculate work, heat, & internal energy for cyclic processes. Explain the relationship between thermal energy and heat. Calculate the heat capacity and specific heat capacity associated with an object. Given a temperature vs. heat diagram explain the concepts of heat of transformation, vaporization, and fusion. Calculate the heat of transformation, vaporization, and fusion given mass, specific heat capacity, and temperatures. 13 CONCEPTS U N I T 1 2 Kinetic Theory of Gases Ideal Gases Pressure vs. Volume Graphs (Isothermal, Isochoric, Isobaric, Adiabatic) Root Mean Square Speed Mean Free Path Molar Specific Heat Entropy Entropy Postulate Second Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Ideal Engines Carnot Engine Heat Engine Efficiency Refrigerators LEARNING OBJECTIVES Define properties of ideal gases. State and apply Boyle’s and Charles’ Gas Laws. Qualitatively and quantitatively solves Ideal Gas Law problems. Define characteristics of isothermal, isochoric, isobaric, and adiabatic processes. Given a pressure vs. volume graph determine whether the process is isothermal, isochoric, isobaric or adiabatic. From a pressure vs. volume graph determine the work, energy and heat of the system. Calculate the mean free path and molar specific heat values. Explain the concept of entropy and the entropy postulate in terms of irreversible processes. Explain and apply the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Calculate a system’s change in entropy. Calculate the work done given pressure versus volume graphs. Explain properties of ideal and Carnot engines. From a pressure vs. volume graph, determine the input and output heat for a Carnot engine. Calculate the thermal efficiency of a heat engine and a refrigerator. Derive an expression for Carnot engine efficiency in terms of Kelvin temperature. 14 CONCEPTS U N I T 1 3 Electrostatics Basic Law of Electrostatics Electrostatic Force (Coulomb’s Law) Principle of Superposition Total Charge Charge by Induction Charge by Conduction Properties of Spherical Conductors Electric Fields Electric Field Strength Electric Field Lines Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment LEARNING OBJECTIVES Define electrostatics and the Basic Law of Electrostatics. Explain the relationship between electrostatic force, charge value, and distance between charges. Calculate the electrostatic force given a system of charges using the principle of superposition. Relate the total of charges to the number of electrons depleted or added. Calculate the total charge on an object given the number of electrons added or removed. Explain the process (in terms of electron movement) for charging by conduction and charging by induction. Define the properties of a spherical conductor in electrostatic equilibrium. Define electric fields. Derive an expression for electric field of a single point charge. Calculate electric field strength given electrostatic force and charge values. Draw electric field lines for a system of charges indicating strong and weak field strength. Explain the significance of Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment and the process involved. 15 CONCEPTS U N I T 1 4 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Electric Flux Flux Gaussian Surface Gauss’s Law Gauss’s Law Formula Electric Potential Electric Potential Energy Electric Potential Equipotential Surfaces Electric Potential Due to a Group of Charges Electric Potential form an Electric Field Define and calculate electric potential energy. Define and calculate electric potential difference. Derive an expression for electric potential in terms of electric potential energy. Compare and contrast electric potential energy and electric potential difference. Explain and draw equipotential lines. Define equipotential surfaces. Calculate the electric potential due to a point charge. Calculate the electric potential due to a group of charges. Calculate the electric potential at a specific location within an electric field. Explain the concept of flux and calculate general flux problems. Define and calculate electric flux. Define properties of a Gaussian surface. Explain Gauss’s Law in terms of electric flux. Quantitatively and qualitatively solve Gauss’s Law problems using Gauss’s Law formula. 16 CONCEPTS U N I T 1 5 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Capacitance Capacitors Capacitance Parallel-Plate Capacitors Capacitors in Series/Parallel Equivalent Capacitance Current Electrical Current Drift Speed Current Density Resistance Resistance Resistors Resistivity Ohm’s Law Semiconductors Explain the concept of capacitance in terms of voltage and charge. Explain the purpose of capacitors and calculate capacitance. Explain the charging and discharging process of a parallel plate capacitor Explain how capacitance changes for series & parallel connections. Determine equivalent capacitance of series & parallel capacitor connections. Define and calculate electrical current. Explain and calculate the drift speed of charges. Identify and calculate current density. Explain current in series and parallel connections. Power Electrical Power Derive formulas for power using Ohm’s Law. Calculate electric power and electrical energy. Define and calculate resistance. Explain the purpose of resistors in series and parallel. Define resistivity and compare to conductivity. Qualitatively and quantitatively define Ohm’s Law. Calculate the current, voltage, and resistance for series and parallel circuits utilizing Ohm’s Law. Find the equivalent resistance for series and parallel connections. 17 CONCEPTS U N I T 1 6 Electromotive Force (Emf) Emf Internal Resistance Kirchhoff’s Current Rule Kirchhoff’s Voltage Rule Series Circuit Analysis Parallel Circuit Analysis Combination Circuit Analysis RC Circuits Magnetism Magnetic Fields Magnetic Force Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field Current-Carrying Wire Right-Hand Rule (Magnetic Force) Circulating Charged Particle LEARNING OBJECTIVES Define electromotive force (emf) and emf devices. Explain and calculate the internal resistance of emf devices. State and apply Kirchhoff’s Current Rule to series and parallel circuits. State and apply Kirchhoff’s Voltage Rule to series and parallel circuits. Determine the current, resistance, and voltage at various locations within a series and parallel circuits using Kirchhoff’s Laws. Analyze series and parallel combination circuits. Graph the charging and discharging of a RC circuit. Relate the voltage versus time graph of an RC circuit to the strength of the capacitor. Define and draw magnetic field lines indicating weak and strong magnetic field locations. Explain and calculate the magnetic force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. Apply the right-hand rule to find the direction of the magnetic force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. Explain and calculate the magnetic force on a current-carrying wire. Apply the right-hand rule to find the direction of the magnetic force on a current moving in a magnetic field. Relate the magnetic force to centripetal force for circulation. 18 CONCEPTS U N I T 1 7 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents Biot-Savart Law Infinitely Long Wire Long Solenoid Right-Hand Rule for the Magnet Field due to Current Force Between Two Parallel Currents Induction Michael Faraday’s Induction Experiments Faraday’s Law for Calculating Induced Emf Magnetic Flux Lenz’s Law LEARNING OBJECTIVES Define and calculate the magnetic field produced by a short segment of wire using the Biot-Savart Law. Calculate the magnetic field at a point from an infinitely long wire carrying current. Calculate the magnetic field inside a uniform solenoid carrying current. Use the right-hand rule to find the direction of the magnetic field given the direction of the current. Explain how parallel currents and anti-parallel currents attract or repel utilizing the right-hand rule. Explain Michael Faraday’s first and second induction experiments. Define properties that affect the current produced in a wire due to a varying magnetic field. Define and calculate magnetic flux in terms of magnetic field and cross-sectional area. Apply the right-hand rule to find the direction of current. Quantitatively and qualitatively use Faraday’s Law of Induction to determine the induced emf. Define Lenz’s Law for determining the direction of induced current in terms of the magnetic field. Analyze a voltage versus time graph produced when a magnetic field is dropped through a conducting loop. 19 CONCEPTS U N I T 1 8 Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic Spectrum E/M Wave Speed LC Oscillator for E/M Wave Production Poynting Vector E/M Wave Intensity Root Mean Square Value Polarization Methods of Polarization Transmission Intensity of Initially Unpolarized Light Intensity of Initially Polarized Light Reflection/Refraction Law of Reflection Index of Refraction Law of Refraction Total Internal Reflection LEARNING OBJECTIVES List electromagnetic waves according to their wavelength. Define uses for various electromagnetic waves. Relate the speed of an electromagnetic wave to the wavelength and frequency. Calculate the wavelength and frequency of an E/M wave. Explain how an LC oscillator is used to produce an E/M wave. Define and calculate the pointing vector. Explain the relationship between pointing vector and intensity. Relate wave intensity to root mean square value. Define polarization and process of polarizing waves. Explain the methods of polarization. Derive an expression for the intensity of initially unpolarized light passing through a polarizing film. Relate initial light intensity to final light intensity after passing through a polarizing film. Calculate the final light intensity of initially polarized and unpolarized light passing through a series of polarizing films. Define and explain the Law of Reflection. Define and calculate the index of refraction. Quantitatively and qualitatively utilize the Law of Refraction to determine index of refraction or angles. Explain & calculate critical angle for total internal reflection. 20 CONCEPTS U N I T 1 9 Reflection Mirrors Plane Mirrors Concave Mirrors Convex Mirrors Images in Mirrors Real/Virtual Upright/Inverted Mirror Equation Magnification Equation Ray Diagrams for Mirrors Refraction Lenses Converging Diverging Images in Lenses Real/Virtual Upright/Inverted Thin Lens Equation Magnification Equation Ray Diagrams for Lenses LEARNING OBJECTIVES Compare and contrast plane, concave, and convex mirrors. Compare and contrast real and virtual images mirrors. Produce ray diagrams to find image size, location, and orientation for plane, concave, and convex mirrors. Derive an expression for relating the object location, image location, and focal length of a mirror. Define and solve the mirror equation to find the image location, object location, or focal length. Define and solve the magnification equation to find the relationship between image height and object height. Explain the pattern that exists for images formed in plane, concave, and convex mirrors at various location. Compare and contrast converging and diverging lenses. Compare and contrast real and virtual images in lenses. Produce ray diagrams to find image size, location, and orientation for converging and diverging lenses. Derive and expression for relating object location, image location, and focal length for thins lenses. Define and solve the thin lens equation to find image location, object location, or focal length. Explain the patterns that exist for images formed in converging and diverging lenses. Compare and contrast images in mirrors and images in lenses. 21 CONCEPTS U N I T 2 0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Light as a Wave Wave Theory Huygens’ Principle Wavelength and Index of Refraction Explain Huygens’ model of light as a wave. State Huygens’ Principle. Derive and explain the refraction of light and index of refraction in terms of wavelength. Solve index of refraction problems given wavelength. Interference Diffraction Constructive Interference Destructive Interference Young’s Interference Experiment Fringes Coherence Intensity in Double-Slit Interference Thin Film Interference Michelson’s Interferometer Define and explain the principle of diffraction. Explain Young’s Double-Slit Interference Experiment. Explain the production of dark and bright fringes in terms of constructive and destructive interference. Calculate the wavelength given the number of dark or bright fringes produced, the distance, and the angle. Explain the concept of coherence and list examples of coherent light. Derive an expression for light intensity for double-slit interference. Calculate the intensity of light given the wavelength, angle, and distance. Explain interference of light caused by thin films due to phase changes. Solve thin film equation problems. Explain Michelson’s Interferometer experiment. 22 CONCEPTS U N I T 2 1 Diffraction Diffraction Patterns Wave Theory of Light Fresnel Bright Spot Single-Slit Diffraction Minima Intensity Circular Aperture Diffraction Resolvability Rayleigh’s Criterion Double-Slit Diffraction Intensity Width of Lines Maxima Applications Diffraction Gratings Dispersion Resolving Power LEARNING OBJECTIVES Explain diffraction and recognize patterns of diffraction. Define and identify diffraction maxima and minima. Explain how diffraction supports the Wave Theory of Light. Explain Fresnel’s Bright Spot and relative this phenomenon to the Wave Theory of Light. Recognize and explain Fresnel Diffraction Patterns. Visually represent Single-Slit Diffraction illustrating path difference and diffraction angles. Derive an expression for minima produced Single-Slit diffraction. Calculate slit width given wavelength, diffraction angle, and minima number. Compare and contrast single-slit and double-slit diffraction patterns. Solve diffraction problems including single-slit, double-slit and diffraction gratings. Define resolvability and Rayleigh’s Criterion for circular aperture diffraction. Explain how width of lines affects intensity and maxima of doubleslit diffraction. Define applications of double-slit diffraction. Explain the concept of dispersion due to diffraction gratings. Calculate diffraction gratings resolving power. 23 CONCEPTS U N I T 2 2 Photons and Quantum Theory Quantum Physics Photon Photon Energy Planck Constant Photoelectric Experiment Photoelectrons Photoelectric Current Stopping Potential Photoelectric Equation Photon Momentum Compton Shift Compton Wavelength Light as a Probability Wave Electrons and Matter Waves Matter Waves de Broglie Wavelength LEARNING OBJECTIVES Define the concept of quantum physics and explain its significance. Define photon and relate a photon’s frequency to wavelength and speed of light. Define Planck’s constant. Calculate the energy associated with a photon given the frequency. Explain the photoelectric experiment and the applications of the photoelectric effect. Define photoelectrons and photoelectric current. Calculate the stopping potential given the maximum kinetic energy for the photoelectric effect. State and calculate the photoelectric energy using the photoelectric equation. Explain the concepts of Compton Shift and Compton Wavelength. Calculate photon momentum utilizing Compton Shift. Define light as a probability wave. Define matter waves. Explain and calculate de Broglie Wavelengths. Describe the ultraviolet catastrophe and black body radiation. Relate the historical development of the quantum theory of light and the physicists involved. 24 CONCEPTS U N I T 2 3 The Atom Waves on Strings Matter Waves Confinement Principle Energies of a Trapped Electron Quantum Number The Bohr Atom Bohr Radius Hydrogen Atom Energies Quantum Numbers for the Hydrogen Atom Atomic Spectra Energy Levels de Broglie Wavelengths LEARNING OBJECTIVES Compare and contrast waves on a string and matter waves. Define free-particle. Define and explain the Confinement Principle. Define the quantum number. Calculate the quantized energy associated with an infinitely deep potential energy well. Calculate the energy change of an electron changing from one state to another. Determine the energy of a photon by absorption or emission. Explain the historical development of the models of the atom. Explain the Bohr model of the atom. Define the quantum numbers associated with the hydrogen atom. Determine the radial probability density of the hydrogen atom at ground state. Utilize energy level diagrams to explain electron transitions. Calculate the energy of the hydrogen atom states. Determine the de Broglie wavelength of an atom. Solve electron transition problems. Calculate photon emission and photon absorption. 25 CONCEPTS U N I T 2 4 Nuclear Physics Nucleus Nuclides Nucleons Isotopes Radionuclides Nuclidic Chart Isobars Nuclear Radii Femtometer (Fermi) Binding Energy Fission and Fusion Nuclear Spin and Magnetism Radioactive Decay Half-Life Mean-Life Alpha Decay Beta Decay Gamma Decay LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe the discovery of the nucleus in terms of J.J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford. Explain Geiger and Marsden’s experiment in terms of alpha particles and scattering angle. Define nuclides and nucleons. Relate atomic number (proton number) and neutron number to mass number. Define isotopes and radionuclides. Analyze a nuclidic chart of proton number versus neutron number in terms of stability and radionuclides. Recognize an isobar from a nuclidic chart. Calculate the nuclear radii in femtometers (Fermi’s). Define and calculate binding energy of the nucleus and the binding energy per nucleon. Compare and contrast the processes of fission and fusion. Explain the nuclear angular momentum and magnetic moment associated with nuclides. Define and calculate radioactive decay using the disintegration constant. Explain half-life and mean-life. Calculate the half-life of a radioactive nucleus. Define, compare, and contrast alpha, beta, and gamma decay. 26 LABORATORY ACTIVITIES Concept Laboratory Laboratory Laboratory Laboratory Title Objective Description Type OneDimensional Motion Free Fall: Picket Fence To determine the acceleration due to gravity Centripetal Force Whirly Bird: Finding Centripetal Force To find the relationship between tension in the string and tangential velocity Energy & Frictional Forces Potential and Kinetic Energy To determine the velocity of a ball bearing at the bottom of a ramp and the frictional associated with the ramp’s surface Momentum TwoDimensional Momentum To determine the two dimensional momentum of two ball bearings after a collision A picket fence (translucent and opaque striped plastic strip) is dropped through a motion detector. The acceleration is found from the slope of the velocity vs. time graph A string is attached to washers on one end and a rubber stopper on the other. Washers are added and the time per revolution is added. The velocity of the stopper is calculated and graphed. Given a metal ramp, ball bearing, meterstick, and carbon paper, students must design a laboratory activity to determine the velocity at the end of the ramp and the friction associated with the ramp’s surface. A grooved metal ramp is clamped to a table where ball bearings are launched. Using carbon paper on the floor, the momentum of each ball bearing is determined and compared. Computer (Pasco) Manual Inquiry (Design-ALab) Manual 27 Static Equilibrium & Torque Static Equilibrium Design-A-Lab To determine the % difference between the cw and ccw torques using three masses. To calculate the spring constant and to determine the % difference between the calculated and experimental periods of a spring. Simple Harmonic Motion Hooke’s Law Laboratory Activity Oscillations Coupled Pendulum To examine the factors that affect the oscillation of a coupled pendulum. Fluids Density of Play-Doh To determine the density of Play-Doh Sound Waves Resonance & Speed of Sound To determine the speed of sound in air. A meterstick is suspended and various masses are added so that the meterstick is in static equilibrium. Inquiry (Design-ALab) Masses are added to a spring. The weight added and the lengths stretched are graphed to determine the spring constant. Then the spring is oscillated by adding a mass. The period of the spring is calculated and determined experimentally. Given metal support poles, various strings, and masses, the students design an activity to examine the factors that affect the period of the coupled pendulum. Given Play-Doh, scales, rulers, beakers, and water, students design a laboratory activity to determine the density of PlayDoh. Given a tuning fork of known frequency, a graduated cylinder of water, and a hollow tube, students are to design a lab to determine the speed of sound in air Manual Inquiry (Design-ALab) Inquiry (Design-ALab) Inquiry (Design-ALab) 28 Thermodynamics Temperature of Mixtures To determine an equation for the final temperature of unequal mixtures of hot and cold liquids. Thermodynamics Specific Heat To determine the specific heat of a solid using the method of mixtures. Electrostatics Electric Fields and Equipotential Lines To draw electric field lines and equipotential lines. Electricity Resistance and Resistivity To determine if a resistance is “ohmic” in nature and to determine the resistance value. Given hot water, cold water, thermometers, beakers, stop watches, and graduated cylinders, students design an experiment to determine an equation for final temperature of a mixture. Given a calorimeter, water, thermometer, and metal samples, students are to determine the specific hear of the metal samples. Given electric field boards and voltmeters, students are to determine the voltage at different locations. Using the voltage readings, students then draw the corresponding electric field and equipotential lines. Inquiry (Design-ALab) Given a circuit board, resistors, a light bulb, power supply, and voltmeter, students are to graph the voltage vs. current to determine the resistance of the component. Computer (Pasco) Manual Manual 29 Electrical Circuits Series and Parallel Circuits And Ohm’s Law To determine the voltage, current, and resistance in a series and parallel circuit Given a circuit board, resistors, voltmeter, ammeter, and power supply students are to determine the resistance value and compare to the accepted value. Magnetism Magnetic Induction To determine the voltage induced in a loop. Electromagnetic Waves Refraction of Light and Index of Refraction To determine the index of refraction of a transparent material, the speed of light through the material, and the % difference between the accepted and calculated value. Given a circuit board, voltmeter, magnet, and computer, students with graph the voltage vs. time when a magnet is dropped through a conducting loop. Given a laser, pins, protractor, transparent material, and ruler, students are to design a laboratory activity to measure the incident and refracted angles. Then student use the angles to calculate the index of refraction and the speed of light through the transparent material. Images Reflection in Plane Mirrors To determine mathematical relationship between the angle of two mirrors and the number of images formed. Given plane mirrors, pins, protractors and wooden blocks, student design a laboratory activity to determine the equation for finding the number of images formed based on the angle between the mirrors. Manual Computer (Pasco) Inquiry (Design-ALab) Inquiry (Design-ALab) 30 Images Images Formed in Lenses To determine the focal length of a converging lens and to find an object distance that produces a magnified image Given a converging lens, meterstick, notecard, and a light source, students constructed a laboratory activity to determine the focal length of the lens and the object distance to produce a magnified image. Inquiry (Design-ALab) Diffraction Diffraction Gratings and Single-Slit Diffraction To determine the diffraction spacing of a given diffraction grating and to determine the width of a piece of human hair. Given a diffraction grating and a laser of known wavelength students are to design a laboratory activity to determine the grating spacing as well as the width of their hair. Inquiry (Design-ALab) 31 PREREQUISITE PHYSICS I LABORATORY ACTIVITIES TITLE OBJECTIVE Graphical Analysis Match Free Fall Reaction Time Vector Challenge Projectile Motion I Projectile Motion II Equilibrium Forces Using a motion detector attached to a computer match the given graph through movement. Determine the acceleration, velocity, and displacement. By dropping a meter stick, determine the reaction time for normal, distracted, and blind drops. Given five cards with different vectors, find the maximum resultant of three vectors. Given a ramp, carbon paper, and a ball bearing determine the initial horizontal velocity of the ball bearing as it exits the ramp. Given a dart gun, protractor, and a measuring tape, determine the launch angle that produces the maximum projectile range. By suspending a weight on a horizontal string and recording the force in the string using spring scales, determine the percent difference between the horizontal and vertical forces in the string. By suspending two different weights on either side of a suspended meter stick, determine the percent difference between the clockwise and counterclockwise torques. By recording the time it takes to run up a flight of stairs, determine the work done and the power exerted. Given a double, triple, and quadruple pulley system calculate the input work, output work, and efficiency. Given two mass carts, the initial and final velocities of the carts, determine the percent difference between the initial and final momentums. Given a rotating object, the radius, and a stop watch, determine the tangential velocity of a rotating object. Given tape, fur, cotton, plastic strips, balloons, and an electroscope examine the affects of charging by friction, conduction, and induction. Given balloons, string, fur, protractor, and balance scale, calculate the electrostatic force and the number of electrons transferred. Given a portable DC voltage source and a digital multi-meter, produce a voltage calibration graph. Given various fruits, ruler, copper, nail, and voltmeter, determine the type of fruit, the distance between the probes and the depth of the probes which produces the highest voltage. Given resistors, digital multi-meter, circuit board, and wires calculate and measure the current in both a series and parallel circuit. Given a plane mirror, a concave mirror, and convex mirror, determine the relationship between the image distance, object distance, and focal length. Given dishes with unknown transparent fluids, a glass block, pins, and protractor determine the index of refraction of the fluids and glass. Given converging and diverging lenses, determine the relationship between the object and image distance. After a demonstration of various wave properties in a ripple tank, identity and draw the wave characteristics. Given a Barbie doll, rubber bands, and meterstick, determine the elastic coefficient according to Hooke’s Law. Rotational Equilibrium Work and Power Efficiency of a Pulley Conservation of Momentum Centripetal Force Electrostatics Electrostatic Force Voltage Calibration Fruit Battery Ohm’s Law Mirror Images Index of Refraction Images in Lenses Ripple Tank Waves Barbie Bungee 32 AP Physics Problem Assignments-Quarter 1 Unit 1: Motion in One Dimension and Graphical Analysis Reading Assignment: Chapter 2 (2.1-2.8) Questions: Chapter 2 Questions # 1,7,9 Problems: Chapter 2 Problems # 9,11,13,19,22,23,43,45,61,64 Unit 2: Vectors, Projectile Motion, and Uniform Circular Motion Reading Assignment: Chapter 3 (3.1-3.7) Chapter 4 (4.1-4.7) Questions: Chapter 3 Questions # 1,2,7 Chapter 4 Questions #3,8,10 Problems: Chapter 3 Problems # 2,7,9,10,11,14,16,19,24,25,29,36 Chapter 4 Problems # 11,17,21,22,23,27,31,42,44,51 Unit 3: Force and Motion Reading Assignment: Chapter 5 (5.1-5.7) & Chapter 6 (6.1-6.4) Questions: Chapter 5 Questions # 3,4,11,12 Chapter 6 Questions # 4,9,10 Problems: Chapter 5 Problems # 9,11,13,16,19,20,29,31,33,36,3851 Chapter 6 Problems # 1,3,4,5,8,9,10,12,13,16,18,19,37,41,43 Unit 4: Work, Kinetic Energy, and Power Reading Assignment: Chapter 7 (7.1-7.7,7.9) Questions: Chapter 7 Questions # 7,10,11,12 Problems: Chapter 7 Problems # 4,5,7,8,10,11,16,19,21,24,25,26,30,38,39 Unit 5: Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy Reading Assignment: Chapter 8 (8.1-8.5, 8.7) Questions: Chapter 8 Questions # 2,5,6,8,9 Problems: Chapter 8 Problems # 2,5,7,10,21,26,27,33,36,39,44,50,54,57,58 Unit 6: Center of Mass, Momentum, Collisions, Conservation of Momentum Reading Assignment: Chapter 9 (9.1-9.6,9.8) Chapter 10 (10.1-10.5) Questions: Chapter 9 Questions # 1,9 Chapter 10 Questions # 1,7 Problems: Chapter 9 Problems # 3,5,10,17,18,20,21,24,25,27 Chapter 10 Problems # 1,4,5,15,16,20,21,35,38 Unit 7: Angular Kinematics, Rotational Kinetic Energy, Torque, Angular Momentum Reading Assignment: Chapter 11 (11.1-11.6,11.8) Chapter 12 (12.5-12.6,12.10) Chapter 13 (13.1-13.5) Questions: Chapter 11 Questions # 1,5,8 Chapter 13 Questions # 1,3,4,6 Problems: Chapter 11 Problems # 4,5,6,11,14 Chapter 13 Problems # 1,3,6,8,9,16,19,20,24,25,26,27 33 AP Physics Problem Assignments-Quarter 2 Unit 8: Gravitation and Kepler’s Laws Reading Assignment: Chapter 14 (14.1-14.8) Questions: Chapter 14 Questions # 2,6,7 Problems: Chapter 14 Problems # 13,14,15,16,22,25,40,42,57 Unit 9: Simple Harmonic Motion, Gravity, Density and Energy Reading Assignment: Chapter 16 (16.1-16.9) Questions: Chapter 16 Questions # 1,3,4,7 Problems: Chapter 16 Problems # 1,2,3,6,7,9,11,12,16,17,20,31,42,43 Unit 10: Pressure, Density, Waves, Archimedes, Bernoulli, Sound, Intensity, and Doppler Effect Reading Assignment: Chapter 15 (15.1-15.8, 15.10) Chapter 17 (17.1-17.5) Chapter 18 (18.1-18.5, 18.7-18.9) Questions: Chapter 15 Questions # 1,5,7 Chapter 17 Questions # 5,8,9 Chapter 18 Questions # 7,8 Problems: Chapter 15 Problems # 1,3,8,10,24,25,49,51 Chapter 17 Problems #1,2,3,6 Chapter 18 Problems # 2,43,48,49 Unit 11: Temperature, Calorimetry, Heat Energy, and Gas Laws Reading Assignment: Chapter 19 (19.1-19.11) Questions: Chapter 19 Questions # 1,2,6 Problems: Chapter 19 Problems # 4,5,6,8,10,26,29,31,35,36,37,48,50,51 Chapter 20 Problems # 2,3,4,5 Unit 12: Kinetic Theory of Gases, Molecular Energy, Heat Expansion, Entropy, and Thermodynamics Reading Assignment: Chapter 20 (all) Chapter 21 (21.1-21.6) Questions: Chapter 20 Questions # 5,10,12 Chapter 21 Questions # 1,3,6 Problems: Chapter 20 Problems # 14,15,16,18,21,23,30,35 Chapter 21 Problems # 6,7,9,13,19,21,26,27,38 Unit 13: Coulomb’s Law, Equilibrium, and Electric Fields Reading Assignment: Chapter 22 (all) Chapter 23 (all) Questions: Chapter 22 Questions # 3,4 Chapter 23 Questions # 1,5 Problems: Chapter 22 Problems # 1,2,4,5,6,8,18 Chapter 23 Problems # 1,2,4,6,11,12 Unit 14: Electric Field Acceleration, Electric Flux, Voltage, and Capacitance Reading Assignment: Chapter 24 (all) Chapter 25 (all) Questions: Chapter 25 Questions # 1,2 Problems: Chapter 23 Problems # 13,29,32,37,39 Chapter 24 Problems # 1,5,6,9 Chapter 25 Problems # 2,3,6,13,14,18,19,39 34 AP Physics Problem Assignments-Quarter 3 Unit 15: Capacitance, Current, Resistance, Circuits, Power Reading Assignment: Chapter 26 (26.1-26.5) Chapter 27 (27.1-27.7) Questions: Chapter 26 Questions # 1,3,4 Chapter 27 Questions # 3, 4, 10 Problems: Chapter 26 Problems # 1,2,5,6,10,12,23,25 Chapter 27 Problems # 1,5,7,8,11,13,15,20,21,22 Unit 16: Circuits, Magnetic Fields, Magnetic Forces, Charges in Circular Motion Reading Assignment: Chapter 28 (all) Chapter 29 (all) Questions: Chapter 28 Questions # 2,3,9,11 Chapter 29 Questions # 1,2,4 Problems: Chapter 28 Problems # 1,4,5,14,19,20,21,23,26 Chapter 29 Problems # 1,2,15,16,19,20,24,25 Unit 17: Magn Force & Fields on a Current Carrying Wire, Faraday’s Law, Lenz’ Law Reading Assignment: Chapter 30 (30.1-30.2) Chapter 31 (31.1-31.5) Questions: Chapter 30 Questions # 1,2,6 Chapter 31 Questions # 1,2,3 Problems: Chapter 29 Problems # 33, 34 Chapter 30 Problems # 1,2,21,22 Chapter 31 Problems # 1,2,3,4,5 Unit 18: E/M Waves, Polarization, Reflection, Refraction, Total Internal Reflection Reading Assignment: Chapter 34 (omit 34.5) Questions: Chapter 34 Questions # 2,3,8,9 Problems: Chapter 34 Problems # 3,6,12,19,35,36,43,44,45,52,60,61 Unit 19: Plane Mirrors, Curved Mirrors, Lenses Reading Assignment: Chapter 35 (all) Questions: Chapter 35 Questions # 2,4,6,8 Problems: Chapter 35 Problems # 1,2,3,8,9,10,17,19,22,24,27,28 Unit 20: Interference, Young’s Experiment, Thin Films, Newton’s Rings Reading Assignment: Chapter 36 (all) Questions: Chapter 36 Questions # 1,2,6,10 Problems: Chapter 36 Problems # 1,2,9,11,13,16,19,33,35,40,42,54,55 Unit 21: Single Slit, Diffraction, Interference, Diffraction Grating, Bragg’s Law Reading Assignment: Chapter 37 (37.1-8) Questions: Chapter 37 Questions # 1,2,6,8 Problems: Chapter 37 Problems # 1,2,3,4,7,9,27,28,33,35,38 35 AP Physics Problem Assignments-Quarter 4 Unit 22: Photons, Photoelectric Effect, Compton Effect, Uncertainty Principle Reading Assignment: Chapter 39 (39.1-39.6) Problems: Chapter 39 Problems # 3,4,5,16,18,20,21,33,34,37,45,50,51,54 Unit 23: The Bohr Atom, Atomic Spectra, Energy Levels, de Broglie Wavelengths Reading Assignment: Chapter 40 (40.1-40.3,40.8) Problems: Chapter 40 Problems # 31,32,33,35,40,43,46, AP Practice Problems Unit 24: The Nucleus, Nuclear Force, Nuclear Reactions, Decay, Half-Life Reading Assignment: Chapter 43 (43.1-43.5) Problems: Chapter 43 Problems # 26,27,47,48,50,53,60, AP Practice Problems AP Practice Problems I: Mechanics (Vectors, Graphical Analysis, Projectile Motion, Forces, Work, Energy, Momentum, Rotational Motion, Torque, and Gravitation) AP Review Problems AP Practice Problems II: Waves, Fluids, and Thermodynamics (Simple Harmonic Motion, Fluids, Waves, Sound, Heat, Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory of Gases) AP Review Problems AP Practice Problems III: Electricity and Magnetism (Electric Charges, Electric Fields, Electric Potential, Capacitance, Current, Resistance, Circuits, Magnetic Fields, Magnetic Force, Faraday’s Law, Lenz’s Law) AP Review Problems AP Practice Problems IV: Light, Images, Quantum Theory, Atoms, and Nuclear Physics (Electromagnetic Waves, Reflection, Refraction, Polarization, Images, Mirrors, Lenses, Interference, Diffraction, Photons, Photoelectric Effect, Compton Effect, Bohr Atom, Atomic Spectra, Energy Levels, de Broglie Waves, Nuclear Reactions, Half-Life, and Decay) AP Review Problems Individual Research Projects, Laboratory Designs, Laboratory Investigations and Laboratory Reports on Assigned Topics. 36