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Plants Slide 1 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction to Plants What Is a Plant? What Is a Plant? Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose. Plants use green pigments chlorophyll a and b for photosynthesis. What Plants Need to Survive In order to survive, plants need: • • • • sunlight water and minerals gas exchange transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant body Slide 2 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction to Plants The Plant Life Cycle Alternation of Generations Slide 3 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction to Plants Cladogram of Plant Kingdom The great majority of plants alive today are Flowering Plants Slide 4 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Bryophytes 22–1 Introduction 22-2 to Plants Mosses do not have true roots, instead they have rhizoids, which are long, thin cells that anchor them in the grounds and absorb water and minerals from the surrounding cells. Slide 5 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction to Plants Evolution of Vascular Tissue Seedless Vascular Plants Chap. 22-3 Evolution of Vascular Tissue • Vascular tissue is specialized to conduct water and nutriets throughout the plant. • The first vascular plants contained tracheids which are cells specialized to conduct water. Tacheids make up xylem and pholem • xylem, carries water from the roots to every part of a plant. • Phloem transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis. CO2 Xylem H2O O2 Light Sugar Phloem . O2 CO2 H2O Minerals Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 6 of 33 End Show 22–1 Introduction to Plants Ferns and Their Relatives Seedless Vascular Plants Chap. 22-3 Ferns and Their Relatives • The most numerous phylum is the ferns. • Ferns and their relatives have true roots, leaves, and stems. • Roots: are underground organs that absorb water and minerals. • Leaves: are photosynthetic organs that contain one or more bundles or vascular tissue. • Stems: are supporting structures that connect roots and leaves carrying water and nutrients between them. Slide 7 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction to Plants Life Cycle of Ferns Seedless Vascular Plants Chap. 22-3 Ferns have vascular tissues, strong roots, underground stems called rhizomes, and leaves called fronds. Slide 8 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1Plants Introduction to Plants Seed Chap. 22-4 Reproduction Free From Water Adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water include: Not all plants produce seed. • flowers or cones • The transfer of sperm by pollination • the protection of embryos in seeds Slide 9 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1Plants Introduction to Plants Reproduction Free From Water Seed Chap. 22-4 Cones and Flowers • Cones, are the seed-bearing structures of gymnosperms. • Flowers, are the seed-bearing structures of angiosperms. Slide 10 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1Plants Introduction to Plants Seed Chap. 22-4 Reproduction Free From Water Pollen • The male gametophyte is contained in a tiny structure called a pollen grain. • The transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure is called pollination. Slide 11 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1Plants Introduction to Plants Seed Chap. 22-4 Reproduction Free From Water Seeds • The seed coat surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps contents of the seed from drying out. • A seed is an embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply. • An embryo is an organism in its early stage of development. Slide 12 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction to Plants 22–5 Angiosperms—Flowering Plants Flowering plant, or angiosperms are member of the phylum Anthophyta Angiosperms develop unique reproductive organs known as flowers. In flowering plants, the seed is encased in a fruit (ovary) A fruit is a wall of tissue surrounding the seed. Slide 13 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction Plants Angiosperms Chap. to 22-5 Diversity of Angiosperms Slide 14 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction Plants Angiosperms Chap. to 22-5 Diversity of Angiosperms Slide 15 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction Plants Angiosperms Chap. to 22-5 Plants cells undergo photosynthesis. Which organelle does this process take place In? Chloroplast Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials There are three categories of plant life spans: annual, biennial, and perennial. •Annuals are plants that complete a life cycle in one growing season. •Biennials complete their life cycle in two years •Perennials live for more than two years. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 16 of 33 End Show 22–1 Introduction toPlants Plants23-1Seed Plant Structure Specialized Tissue in The three principal organs of seed plants are roots, stems, and leaves. These organs perform functions such as the transport of nutrients, protection, and coordination of plant activities. Plants consist of three main tissue systems: • dermal tissue • vascular tissue • ground tissue Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 17 of 33 End Show 22–1 Introduction toPlants Plants23-1Vascular Tissue Specialized Tissue in Vascular Tissue Vascular tissue consist of xylem and phloem. Vascular tissue is made up of 1. xylem, a water-conducting tissue, 2. phloem, a food-conducting tissue. Slide 18 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction toPlants Plants23-1Seed Plant Structure Specialized Tissue in Leaf Stem Root Slide 19 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1Chap. Introduction Roots 23-2 to Plants In some plants, the primary root grows long and thick. This primary root is called a taproot. 23–2 Roots Fibrous roots branch to such an extent that no single root grows larger than the rest. Fibrous roots are found in grasses. A seed plant is anchored in the ground by its Root Bulb stem (root): A short, modified, underground stem surrounded by usually fleshy modified leaves that contain stored food. Slide 20 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1Chap. Introduction Roots 23-2 to Plants Root Structure and Growth The root system plays a key role in water and mineral transport and anchors the plant. Slide 21 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction Stems-Chap 23-3 to Plants Stem Structure and Function Stems have three important functions: • they produce leaves, branches and flowers • they hold leaves up to the sunlight • they transport substances between roots and leaves Slide 22 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction Stems-Chap 23-3 to Plants Monocot and Dicot Stems How do monocot and dicot stems differ? In monocots, vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem. In dicots and most gymnosperms, vascular bundles are arranged in a ringlike pattern. Slide 23 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction Stems-Chap 23-3 to Plants Formation of Wood Secondary Growth of Stems Wood Bark • Wood is actually layers of xylem. These cells build up year after year. • Thin rings: weather conditions were not favorable • Thick rings: weather conditions were favorable. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 24 of 33 End Show 22–1 23-3 Introduction to Plants Stems Diversity of Angiosperms Woody and Herbaceous Plants • Plant stems that are smooth and nonwoody are characteristic of herbaceous plants. • Woody plants include trees, shrubs, and vines. Slide 25 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction to Plants Leaves & Energy 23-4 Leaf Structure The structure of a leaf is optimized for absorbing light and carrying out photosynthesis. Slide 26 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction to Plants Leaves & Energy 23-4 Leaf Functions Plants regulate the opening and closing of their stomata to balance water loss with rates of photosynthesis. Stomata are open in daytime, when photosynthesis is active, and closed at night, to prevent water loss. In hot, dry conditions stomata may close even in bright sunlight, to conserve water. Slide 27 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction to Plants Transport in Plants 23-5 Water Pressure The combination of root pressure, capillary action, and transpiration provides enough force to move water through the xylem tissue of even the tallest plant. Slide 28 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction to Plants Transport in Plants 23-5 Water Pressure Cohesion is the attraction of molecules of the same substance to each other. Adhesion is the attraction between unlike substances. (hydrogen bonds) The tendency of water to rise in a thin tube is called capillary action. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 29 of 33 End Show 22–1 Introduction to Plants Transport in Plants 23-5 Wilting of a plant results from the loss of water Slide 30 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction to Plants Life Cycle of Gymnosperms Reproduction with Cones and Flowers-24-1 Pollen Cones and Seed Cones • Pollen cones produce the male gametophytes, also called pollen grains. Pollen grain (N) (male gametophytes) Slide 31 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1 Introduction to Plants Life Cycle of Gymnosperms Reproduction with Cones and Flowers-24-1 Seed cones produce female gametophytes and are generally larger than pollen cones. Female gametophytes develop in two ovules located near the base of each scale. Slide 32 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Color and label the flower parts according the to the instructions in the packet Female parts of the flower are the stigma, style and ovary Male parts of the flower are the filament and anther. The Sepal and Petal are called the sterile parts because that do not produce reproductive cells. Self fertilization: Pollen released from the anther is transferred to the stigma. A pollen tube forms in the style and the pollen travels down through the tube until it reaches an ovule inside the ovary. The egg is fertilized by the sperm. (pollen) Slide 33 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1Development Introductionand to Plants Seed DispersalSeed Chapand 24-2Fruit Development A fruit is a ripened ovary that contains angiosperm seeds. The following are technically fruits: avocado, beans, peapods, corn kernels, cucumbers, grains, nuts, olives peppers, pumpkin, squash, sunflower seeds and tomatoes. Slide 34 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1Development Introductionand to Plants Seed DispersalSeed ChapDispersal 24-2 Seed Dispersal • Seeds are dispersed by animals, wind, and water. • Seeds dispersed by wind or water are typically lightweight, allowing them to be carried in the air or to float on the surface of the water. Slide 35 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1Development Introductionand to Plants Seed Dispersal Chap 24-2 Slide 36 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show 22–1Development Introductionand to Plants Seed DispersalSeed ChapDormancy 24-2 Seed Dormancy • Many seeds will not grow when they first mature. • These seeds enter a period of dormancy, during which the embryo is alive but not growing. • The length of dormancy varies in different plant species. • Environmental factors such as temperature and moisture can cause a seed to end dormancy and germinate. Slide 37 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Plant Hormones Plants Responses and Adaptations Chap 25 A hormone is a substance that is produced in one part of an organism and affects another part of the same individual. Auxin: simulate cell elongation. Responsible for plant tropisms. Plant hormones are chemical substances that control a plants growth, development and responses to environment conditions Slide 38 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Plants Responses and Adaptations Chap 25 Plant Hormones Cytoknins: stimulate cell division and the growth of lateral buds, and cause dormant seeds to sprout. Gibberellins: are used to increase size of stems and fruits. Ethylene: stimulate fruits to ripen. Ethylene is a minor component of natural gas. How was ethylene discovered? When natural gas was used in city street lamps in the 19th cemetery, people noticed that trees along the street suffered leaf loss and stunted growth. This effect was eventually traced to ethylene Slide 39 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Plants Responses and Adaptations Chap 25 Tropisms are a plant response to external stimuli. The purpose it to response effectively to certain conditions. Slide 40 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Plants Responses and Adaptations Chap 25 Photoperiodism in plants is responsible for the timing to season activities such as flowering and growth. Winter Dormancy: As cold weather approaches, deciduous plants turn of photosynthetic pathways, transport material from the leaves to roots and seal leaves off from the rest of the plant. Slide 41 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show Plants Responses and Adaptations Chap 25 Plant Adaptations Aquatic Plants Salt-Tolerant Plants Desert Plants Description To take in sufficient oxygen, many aquatic plant have tissues with large air filled spaces through which oxygen can diffuse. For plant to grow in salt water, the leaves of the plant has specialized cells that pump salt out of the plant tissues and onto the leaf surfaces, where it is washed off my rain. Plants adaptations to desert climate include extensive roots, reduced leaves and thick stems that can store water. Some plants have specialized features for obtaining nutrients. 1. Carnivorous plants: (Venus flytrap) 2. Parasites: (mistletoe) An epiphyte plant is not rooted in soil but instead grow directly o the bodies of other plants. Epiphytes are not parasites. They gather their own moisture, generally from rainfall, and produce their own food. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Slide 42 of 33 End Show