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Chapter 4- The Periodic Table Section 1- How Are Elements Organized Periodic Law- repeating physical and chemical properties of element change periodically with their atomic number Valence Election- found on the outer most shell determines atoms chemical properties Group- vertical column of elements in periodic table elements in group, have some of the same chemical properties Period- horizontal row of elements on a periodic table John Newland noticed a periodic pattern, Dmitri Mendeleev invented the first periodic table and Henry Moseley found a different physical basis for the arrangement of elements Section 2- Tour Of The Periodic Table Main Group Elements- elements in the s- block or the p- block of the periodic table Alkali metal- one of the elements of group 1 of the periodic table Alkaline- earth metals- one of the elements of group 2 of the periodic table Halogen- one of the elements of group 17 of the periodic table Noble gas- an unreactive element in group 18 of the periodic table Hydrogen is the most common element in the world Most of the elements are metals Metals have great electricity Transition metals- one of the metals that can use the inner shell before using the outer shell in a bond Metals can be mixed with one or more other elements usually other metals, to make an alloy The melting points of metals are very different Section 3- Trends In The Periodic Table The arrangements of the periodic table reveals trends in the properties of the element Chemical Reactivity with water increases from top to bottom for group 1 elements Ionization Energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or an ion Electron Shielding- the reduction of the attractive force between a positively charged nucleus and its outermost electrons due to the cancellation of some of the positive charge by the negative charges of the inner electrons Ionization energy increases as you move across a period. Bond Radius- half the distance from center to center of two like atoms that are bonded together. Atomic Radius decreases as you move down a group Atomic Radius decreases as you move across a period Electro negativity- measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons Electro negativity decreases as you move down a group. Electro negativity increases as you move across a period. Section 4- Where Did The Elements Come From Most of the atoms in living things come from just six elements; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Nuclear Reaction- a reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom Super Heavy Element- element whose atomic number is greater than 106 The 93 natural elements were formed by stars A transition is a nuclear reaction in which one nucleus is changed into another nucleus.