Download Chapter Fifteen Psychological Disorders

Chapter Fifteen
Psychological
Disorders
Question
Defining abnormality often takes into
account which of the following criteria?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Statistical infrequency
Norm violation
Personal suffering
All of the above
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Answer
Choice d is correct.
Models of abnormality consider statistical
infrequency, norm violation, and personal
suffering as criteria for distinguishing
between normal and abnormal behavior.
Each of these criteria alone, however,
would not necessarily be sufficient to label
an individual’s behavior as “abnormal.”
(Chapter 15, What Is Abnormal? section)
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Question
Which of the following individuals is experiencing
problems to the degree that these problems are causing
an impairment in functioning?
a) Joe, who has a hard time getting out of bed on
Mondays, but makes it to work anyway
b) Karen, who gets up an hour earlier each day to
give her extra time to alphabetize the items in
her kitchen
c) Larry, who experiences intense anxiety in
social situations, but still manages to work as a
waiter
d) Mike, whose drinking has progressed to the
point that his wife has left him, he’s lost his job,
and he is homeless
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Answer
Choice d is correct.
Impairment in functioning involves a situation in
which a person’s thoughts, feelings, and/or
behaviors cause problems in fulfilling
appropriate and expected roles at home,
socially, at school, and/or at work. Mike is the
only individual in the list who has suffered
impaired functioning as a consequence of his
behaviors. (Chapter 15, Behavior in Context: A
Practical Approach section)
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Question
Which of the following factors do you think
plays the largest role in causing
psychological disorders?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Biological factors
Psychological factors
Sociocultural factors
Other factors
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Answer
Polling question: no correct response
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Question
Dr. Flipper is a psychologist who adheres to
psychodynamic views of the development of
psychopathology. Which of the following best
summarizes his likely explanation for a patient’s
problems with depression?
a)
b)
c)
d)
“You are depressed because you have a chemical
imbalance in your brain.”
“You are depressed because you have
unexpressed angry feelings towards your mother
that you turned inward against yourself.”
“You are depressed because your culture permits
an expression of depressive symptoms as
acceptable in a person of your gender.”
“You are depressed because of genetic
predisposition to depression that you inherited from
your parents.”
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Answer
Choice b is correct.
Psychodynamic models emphasize
unconscious conflicts, drives, impulses,
and emotions as causal factors in the
development of psychopathology.
Specifically, the psychodynamic model of
depression posits that depression is due
to anger turned inward. (Chapter 15, The
Biopsychosocial Model section)
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Question
Your professor is talking about a model that
seeks to explain the development of
psychopathology. She is talking about how
some people are born with a predisposition to
certain disorders and, consequently, might end
up with a full-blown disorder even in the face of
relatively minor life stressors. Which model is
she describing?
a)
b)
c)
d)
The biopsychosocial model
The psychodynamic model
The diathesis-stress model
The social-cognitive model
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Answer
Choice c is correct.
The diathesis-stress model of
psychopathology suggests that both
predispositions or vulnerabilities to certain
disorders and situational factors (such as
life stress) combine to result in the
appearance of psychological disorders.
(Chapter 15, Diathesis-Stress as an
Integrative Explanation section)
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Question
Your roommate has an intense, irrational
fear of spiders. With which of the following
disorders might she be diagnosed?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Phobia
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Answer
Choice a is correct.
Phobias are anxiety disorders that involve
strong, irrational fears of specific objects
or situations. The person’s reaction to the
object or situation is typically more
extreme than is warranted in the situation
and the person typically realizes that
his/her fears are groundless. (Chapter 15,
Types of Anxiety Disorders section)
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Question
Monk, “the defective detective” on the USA
network show of the same name, is extremely
concerned with order, symmetry, and
cleanliness. He engages in repetitive behaviors,
such as washing, rearranging items, and
avoiding stepping on cracks. He likely has
which of the following disorders?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Panic disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Schizophrenia
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Answer
Choice c is correct.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized
by both obsessions, intrusive, persistent, and
disturbing thoughts, and compulsions, repetitive
behaviors. The obsessions typically cause high
levels of anxiety, which can be reduced by
engaging in the compulsive behaviors. (Chapter
15, Types of Anxiety Disorders section)
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Question
Matthew is a four-year-old who has an intense,
irrational fear of dogs. This fear developed
because Matthew repeatedly watched his
parents respond to the presence of dogs with
fear and avoidance behaviors. The most
obvious causal factor in the development of
Matthew’s phobia of dogs is
a)
b)
c)
d)
classical conditioning.
operant conditioning.
observational learning.
covert conditioning.
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Answer
Choice c is correct.
Observational learning, learning by
watching others, is one mechanism
through which phobias may develop. In
this instance, Matthew is learning that
dogs are to be feared and avoided by
watching and later mimicking the behavior
of his parents. (Chapter 15, Linkages:
Anxiety Disorders and Learning section)
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Question
Which of the following individuals is at
greatest risk for suicide, based strictly on
demographic factors?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Alan, an 80-year-old man
Betty, a 72-year-old woman
Christopher, an 18-year-old young man
Donna, a 35-year-old woman
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Answer
Choice a is correct.
In the United States, suicide is most
common among individuals 65 and older,
especially males. (Chapter 15,
Depressive Disorders section)
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Question
A(n) ____________ is a false sensory
experience, whereas a(n) ___________ is
a false belief. Both are symptoms seen in
schizophrenia.
a)
b)
c)
d)
delusion; hallucination
hallucination; delusion
obsession; delusion
hallucination; obsession
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Answer
Choice b is correct.
Hallucinations involve the experience of
nonexistent sights, sounds, smells, tastes,
and touches. Delusions, in contrast,
involve beliefs not based in reality and
can include persecutory delusions and
delusions of grandeur. (Chapter 15,
Symptoms of Schizophrenia section)
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Question
Delusions and hallucinations in the
context of schizophrenia are sometimes
referred to as ____________ symptoms.
a)
b)
c)
d)
positive
negative
affective
catatonic
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Answer
Choice a is correct.
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such
as delusions and hallucinations, involve
excesses or additions to a person’s
mental life. They are the “extra” things
that individuals with schizophrenia see
and do and think that “normal” people
don’t see and do and think. (Chapter 15,
Categorizing Schizophrenia section)
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Question
Your next-door neighbor has
schizophrenia. It is likely that he has a
problem in neurotransmitter systems in
his brain that involve ____________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
serotonin
GABA
norepinephrine
dopamine
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Answer
Choice d is correct.
Excess dopamine has been implicated in the
development of schizophrenia, particularly with
respect to the appearance of positive symptoms
of schizophrenia. Antipsychotic medications
used to treat schizophrenia reduce
hallucinations and delusions and have the effect
of decreasing levels of dopamine in the brain.
(Chapter 15, Causes of Schizophrenia section)
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Question
Recently, several CEOs of major corporations
have been put in prison for illegal actions that
included shameless disregard for and violation
of other people’s rights. Which of the following
personality disorders might be a fitting
diagnosis for these individuals?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Paranoid personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
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Answer
Choice d is correct.
Antisocial personality disorder is
characterized by a long-term, persistent
pattern of impulsive, selfish,
unscrupulous, and criminal behavior. It
typically begins in childhood and early
adolescence and has also been termed
psychopathy and sociopathy. (Chapter
15, Personality Disorders section)
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Question
The core characteristics of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
involve all of the following EXCEPT
a)
b)
c)
d)
inattention.
hyperactivity.
oppositionality.
impulsivity.
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Answer
Choice c is correct.
ADHD is characterized by ageinappropriate levels of inattention
(distractibility), hyperactivity, and
impulsivity (acting without thinking).
(Chapter 15, Psychological Disorders of
Childhood section)
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