Download Topic 2

Questions
Q1.
Lithium, sodium and potassium are metals in group 1 of the periodic table.
They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
The freshly-cut metals are shiny.
(a) (i) Give another physical property of all three of these metals.
(1)
(ii) Explain, in terms of electrons in their atoms, why lithium, sodium and potassium are in
group 1 of the periodic table.
(2)
(b) A small piece of potassium is added to water.
(i) Describe what you would seein this reaction.
(2)
(ii) Which of these is the balanced equation for this reaction?
Put a cross (
) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
A 2K + 2H2O K2O + 2H2
B 2K + H2O
K2O + H2
C 4K + 3H2O 4KOH + H2
D 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2
(c) There is an increase in reactivity of these group 1 metals from lithium to potassium.
Explain this increase in reactivity.
(2)
(Total for Question is 8 marks)
Q2.
Elements
Mendeleev produced the first periodic table.
In a version of his periodic table, he put these elements in group 1.
hydrogen
lithium
sodium
potassium
copper
rubidium
silver
caesium
gold
(a) Some of the elements in this list are also in group 1 of the modern periodic table.
Which element is in the list above and also in group 1 of the modern periodic table?
Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
A gold
B silver
C copper
D sodium
(b) The element francium is now included in group 1 of the modern periodic table but did not
appear anywhere in Mendeleev’s periodic table.
Suggest why francium was not in Mendeleev’s periodic table.
(1)
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(c) Explain why hydrogen is not included in group 1 in most versions of the modern periodic
table.
(2)
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(d) The atomic number and electronic configurations of three elements are shown in the table
below.
element
lithium
sodium
potassium
atomic number
3
11
19
electronic configuration
2.1
2.8.1
2.8.8.1
Describe how the electronic configuration of sodium shows the group and period of sodium in
the periodic table.
(2)
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*(e) An atom of beryllium has an atomic number of 4 and a mass number of 9.
Describe the numbers and arrangements of the protons, neutrons and electrons in this atom.
(6)
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Q3.
* An atom of beryllium has an atomic number of 4 and a mass number of 9.
Describe the numbers and arrangements of the protons, neutrons and electrons in this atom.
(6)
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Q4.
(a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross (
) in the box next to your answer.
The particles in atoms are electrons, neutrons and protons.
The mass of an electron is
(1)
A greater than the mass of a neutron
B the same as the mass of a proton
C smaller than the mass of a proton
D the same as the mass of a neutron
(b) The atomic number of oxygen is 8.
The mass number of an atom of oxygen is 17.
Describe the number and type of particles in the nucleus of this atom.
(2)
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(c) Sulfur and oxygen are both in group 6 of the periodic table.
Explain, in terms of their electronic configurations, why they are both in group 6.
(2)
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(d) An atom of phosphorus contains 15 electrons.
Describe how these 15 electrons are arranged in a phosphorus atom.
(2)
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(e) Phosphorus oxide is a compound that contains covalent bonds.
(i) Describe what is meant by a covalent bond.
(2)
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(ii) The formula of a molecule of phosphorus oxide is P4O10
Give the empirical formula of this oxide.
(1)
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(Total for Question = 10 marks)
Q5.
An atom of copper has an atomic number of 29 and a mass number of 63.
(i) Complete the table to show the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in this atom of
copper.
(2)
(ii) Copper is in period 4 of the periodic table.
State what information this gives about the number of shells that contain electrons, in a copper
atom.
(1)
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(iii) Copper exists as isotopes.
Explain what is meant by the term isotopes.
(2)
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(iv) A sample of copper contains
70% of copper-63 atoms and
30% of copper-65 atoms.
Use this information to calculate the relative atomic mass of copper in this sample.
(3)
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relative atomic mass of copper = ...........................................................
Q6.
(a) The table shows the number of electrons, neutrons and protons in particles P, Q, R, S, T and
V.
(i) Which particle is a negatively charged ion?
Put a cross (
) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
A P
B S
C T
D V
(ii) Which particles are atoms of metals?
Put a cross (
) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
A P and R
B Q and R
C Q and S
D Q, S and V
(b) Each element has an atomic number.
(i) State what is meant by atomic number.
(1)
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(ii) The atomic number of boron is 5.
Boron exists as two isotopes boron-10 and boron-11.
Use this information to explain why boron-10 and boron-11 are isotopes.
(2)
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(c) (i) Explain what is meant by the term relative atomic mass.
(2)
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(ii) A sample of boron contains
19.7% of boron-10.
80.3% of boron-11.
Use this information to calculate the relative atomic mass of boron.
(3)
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(Total for Question = 10 marks)
Q7.
(a) The diagram shows an atom of lithium.
(i) A proton has been labelled.
Complete the diagram by labelling the other two particles shown.
(2)
(ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross (
The atomic number of lithium is
) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
A 3
B 6
C 7
D 10
(b) (i) Which row of the table shows the charge on a proton and the charge on an electron?
Put a cross (
) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
proton electro
n
positive positive
A
negative negative
B
negative positive
C
positive negative
D
(ii) Use a number from the box to complete the sentence.
(1)
The relative mass of a proton is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The electronic configuration of lithium is 2.1.
The electronic configuration of sodium is 2.8.1.
(i) Explain, in terms of their electronic configurations, why lithium and sodium are both in
group 1 of the periodic table.
(2)
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(ii) Explain, in terms of their electronic configurations, why lithium is placed in period 2 and
sodium is placed in period 3
of the periodic table.
(2)
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(Total for Question is 9 marks)
Q8.
Most atoms contain electrons, protons and neutrons.
(a) Describe the positions of these particles in atoms.
(3)
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(b) A chlorine atom contains 17 electrons.
What is the electronic configuration of a chlorine atom?
Put a cross (
) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
A 10.7
B 8.8.1
C 17
D 2.8.7
(c) Chlorine and bromine are in the same group in the periodic table.
(i) Explain, in terms of electrons, why these elements are placed in the same group.
(2)
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(ii) Describe the appearance of bromine at room temperature and pressure.
(2)
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(d) An experiment was carried out to see how large a nucleus is compared to the overall size of
an atom.
In the experiment a very large number of positively charged particles are fired at a thin
sheet of gold.
When one of these positively charged particles comes close to the nucleus of a gold atom
it is repelled.
Explain why only about 1 in every 20 000 positively charged particles are repelled.
(2)
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(Total for Question is 10 marks)
Mark Scheme
Q1.
(a)(i)
Answer
soft / low melting point / low boiling
point
Acceptable answers
Mark
(1)
easilycut with a knife = soft
low density
malleable
solid at room temp.
ignore float on water
reject chemical properties
(a)(ii) An explanation linking
(all have) one electron in outer shell
(2)
(2)
one outer electron = 2 marks
group number shows number of
electrons in outer shell = 2 marks
same number of electrons in outer
shell = 1 mark
incorrect number of electrons in the
outer shell = 1 mark
accept outer orbit / highest energy
level in place of outer shell
(b)(i)
A description including any two of
effervescence / fizzing / bubbles (1)
potassium floats (1)
moves (on surface) (1)
potassium forms ball / melts (1)
potassium decreases in size /
disappears / dissolves (1)
(lilac) flame / catches fire (1)
spits / explodes / sparks (1)
(b)(ii) D : 2K + 2 H2O → 2KOH + H 2
(c)
An explanation linking any two of
(2)
ignore ignites
ignore smoke
(1)
(2)
increasing {size /radius (of atom) /
easier to remove (outer) electron
number of shells} (1)
increased shielding (of outer electron)
(1)
less attraction for (outer)
electron
(1)
Q2.
Question
Number
(a)
Answer
Question
Number
(b)
Answer
Acceptable answers
Mark
had not been
discovered
did not know about it
(1)
Answer
Acceptable answers
Mark
Question
Number
(c)
Acceptable answers
D
An explanation linking
the following points
EITHER
• different properties
(to other group 1
elements)(1)
Mark
(1)
(2)
• elements in a group
have similar (chemical)
properties(1)
OR
• hydrogen is a
non-metal / not a
metal (1)
• all the other
elements are metals
(1)
Question
Number
(d)
Answer
Acceptable answers
A description including
the following points
Mark
(2)
• one electron in
outer shell so in group
1(1)
• (electrons in) three
shells so in period 3 (1)
Question
Number
QWC
*(e)
Indicative content
Mark
A description including
some of the following
points
(6)
• four protons
• five neutrons
• four electrons
• protons in nucleus
• neutrons in nucleus
• electrons in shells
• two electrons in
first shell
• two electrons in
second/outer shell
last two points could
be expressed as
electronic
configuration is 2.2
allow correct diagram
Level
1
0
1-2
no rewardable material
• correct number or position of one type of
particle / correct numbers or positions or two
particles
• the answer communicates ideas using
simple language and uses limited scientific
terminology
• spelling, punctuation and grammar are used
with limited accuracy
2
3-4
• correct number and position of one type of
particle and two other correct numbers and /or
positions of other particle(s)
• the answer communicates ideas showing
some evidence of clarity and organisation and
uses scientific terminology appropriately
3
5-6
• spelling, punctuation and grammar are used
with some accuracy
• correct number and position of all three
particles / one error in former and correct
electronic configuration
• the answer communicates ideas clearly and
coherently uses a range of scientific
terminology accurately
• spelling, punctuation and grammar are used
with few errors
Q3.
Question
Number
QWC
*
Indicative content
Mark
A description including
some of the following
points
(6)
• four protons
• five neutrons
• four electrons
• protons in nucleus
• neutrons in nucleus
• electrons in shells
• two electrons in
first shell
• two electrons in
second/outer shell
last two points could
be expressed as
electronic
configuration is 2.2
Level
1
0
1-2
allow correct diagram
no rewardable material
• correct number or position of one type of
particle / correct numbers or positions or two
particles
• the answer communicates ideas using
simple language and uses limited scientific
terminology
• spelling, punctuation and grammar are used
with limited accuracy
2
3-4
• correct number and position of one type of
particle and two other correct numbers and /or
positions of other particle(s)
• the answer communicates ideas showing
some evidence of clarity and organisation and
uses scientific terminology appropriately
3
5-6
• spelling, punctuation and grammar are used
with some accuracy
• correct number and position of all three
particles / one error in former and correct
electronic configuration
• the answer communicates ideas clearly and
coherently uses a range of scientific
terminology accurately
• spelling, punctuation and grammar are used
with few errors
Q4.
(a)
Answer
C smaller than the mass of a proton
Acceptable answers Mark
(1)
(b)
An description linking
8 protons (1)
(and) {17-8/9} neutrons (1)
(c)
Explanation linking
(2)
ignore references to electrons in shells
/ charges on particles
if electrons in nucleus max 1 protons
and neutrons with incorrect numbers
(1)
correct electronic configurations or
(2)
diagrams alone max 1
(both have) same number (of
electrons) in outer shell(1)
'they both have 6 in the outer shell'
6 (electrons in outer shell)
scores both marks allow 'both need 2
(consequent on first point) (1) (more) (electrons) to fill outer shell' for
both marks
(d)
A description to include
suitable diagram in place of
(2)
2.8(1).5(1)
2.8 (in 1st and 2nd shell)(1)
5 (in outer shell)(1)
electrons in {shells / orbits / rings}(1)
(e)(i) A description to include
can be shown in a diagram of a
(2)
covalent bond
electron(s) shared (1)
{pair(s) of / two} (electrons) any mention of ions scores zero
(1)
(e)(ii) P2O5
Reject P2O5 / P2O5
(1)
Q5.
Q6.
Answer
(a)(i) C T
(a)(ii) C Q and S
(b)(i) number of protons (in nucleus of
atom)
Acceptable answers
ignore number of electrons
eg number of protons and electrons
worth (1)
Mark
(1)
(1)
(1)
(b)(ii) An explanation including
(atoms of) both contain 5
ignore electrons
/same number of
protons/same atomic number
(1)
boron-11 atoms contain 1 more
boron-10 atoms contain 5
neutron / boron-10 atoms contain 1
neutrons but boron-11 atoms less neutron
contain 6 neutrons / different
numbers of neutrons/ different
mass number (1)
(c)(i)
An explanation including the following
(2)
(2)
M1 {average/mean} mass (of For M1
atoms of an element) (1)
reject weight
reject if mass of molecule
reject if mass of neutrons and
protons
M2 compared to {1/12 mass
carbon-12 (atom)/ (mass of)
carbon-12 (atom) taken as 12}
(1)
any reference to carbon-12
scores mark
(c)(ii) [19.7 × 10] (1) +[80.3 × 11] (1) /100 If no working shown 10.8(03) worth 3 (3)
(1) (=10.8)
marks
[0.197 ×10] (1) + [0.803 ×11] (1) =
[1.97 + 8.83] (1) (=10.8)
Q7.
(a)(i)
Answer
neutron (1)
electron (1)
Acceptable answers
neutrons
electrons
Mark
(2)
(a)(ii) A 3
(1)
(1)
(b)(i) D proton positive, electron negative
(b)(ii) 1
(c)(i)
An explanation linking
(both have) one electron (1)
in the outer
{shell/orbit/energy level} (1)
do not award first mark if
proton/neutron/atom (in outer shell)
(c)(ii) An explanation linking
lithium has 2
{shells/orbits/energy levels}
(1)
sodium has 3
{shells/orbits/energy levels}
(1)
max 1 mark if {outer/full} shells
max 1 mark if rings/circles/layers
both have one outer electron (2)
(1)
(2)
both need to lose 1 electron to have a
full outer shell (2)
fully correct diagrams of lithium and
sodium showing electronic
configurations (1)
have the same number of electrons in
the outer shell (1)
If no marks awarded from 'answer'
(2)
column, allow any onefrom
sodium is more reactive than lithium
ORA (1)
sodium has more electrons than
lithium ORA (1)
sodium has more shells than lithium
ORA (1)
ignore reactivity increases down the
group
Q8.
(a)
Answer
A description to include
Acceptable answers
all marks can be scored from
labelleddiagram
neutrons in nucleus (1)
protons in nucleus (1)
electrons in shells / orbits (1)
description of position of particles
without use of "nucleus" or "shell
/orbit"
BUT
if description or labels on diagram do
not mention "nucleus" or"shell /orbit"
Mark
(3)
at least once then max 2 marks ignore
charges / masses / numbers of
particles
(b)
(c)(i)
D 2.8.7
an explanation linking
(1)
outer {shell / orbit} (electrons) (1)
(2)
7 / same number (of electrons) (1) one / same number of electrons short
(of next noble gas)
(c)(ii) a description to include
red-brown / brown-red
(2)
(dark) red (1)
(d)
liquid (1)
An explanation linking any two of
nucleus very small (by
comparison with atom) / atom very
large compared to nucleus / most of
atom consists of empty space (1)
most particles {miss nucleus / go
straight through (atom)} / only a few
particles (1 in 20 000) {pass close to /
hit} nucleus (1)
(gold) nuclei positive / both
(nucleus and particles) {positively
charged / have same charge} (1)
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ignore any references to vapour
(2)