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The Dark Ages •The Middle Ages in Europe were known as the Dark Ages, as there was a great lack of art and learning. People lived in very poor conditions, where there was constant turmoil, war, poverty, and hunger. The Dark Ages lasted from 400 -1350 AD. Poverty in the Dark Ages A Time For Change •The dark ages lasted for hundreds of years. Then in the middle A.D. 1300s things slowly began to improve. People began again to discover the arts, and technologies of the Romans and Greeks, making life a little easier. With call this period of time the Renaissance. The Renaissance began around A.D. 1350 in Italy, and continued until about A.D. 1600 •People began to take a new interest in life and questioned the world around them What was the Renaissance? •The Renaissance began in Italy and was a new way of looking at the world. Italians started to look again at the achievements of the ancient Greeks and Romans. This changed the way they thought and behaved. It was almost as if the Greeks and Romans had come back to life. For that reason historians began to call this age the Renaissance, which means “rebirth”. Why Italy? There are a number of reasons why the Renaissance began in Italy. 1. Italy was the centre of the old Roman Empire. Italians wanted to repeat the achievements of the Romans. 2. Their language was based on Latin, which was also the language of the Romans. They were well educated and could read the works of Roman writers. 3. Italy traded with many countries; Eastern Europe, Arabia, India and even China. This made them immensely rich. As a result they had money to spend on fine buildings and magnificent pictures and statues. Many bankers, traders, merchants and even the Pope hired artists to paint portraits, decorate, sculpt and design churches and other buildings 4. Italian merchants found new ideas on their travels and brought them back to Italy. 5. Italy had many cities. It was divided into different cities and each had its own ruler. Each city wanted to make their own the best and outdo each other in terms of having the best monuments, churches and artists. Patrons The city governments and rich merchants were called patrons. A patron is a person who pays an artist to produce a work of art. Cosimo de Medici, the wealthy merchant who ruled Florence paid artists and scholars to work for him Cosimo de Medici The richest bankers in Florence the Medicis. Cosimo Medici was the head of the family. He was a shrewd businessman who made a great fortune. He used his money to send agents around Europe in search of monastic libraries for old, forgotten manuscripts. He built a library and it became the largest in Europe. It was also the first public library. Cosimo helped artists and inventors. He invited them to stay in his home and he paid them to work for him. He also paid for many public buildings himself. When Cosimo dies, his grandson, Lorenzo, took over his rule. He was a great sportsman and a famous patron of the arts. He did so many things that he became known as “Lorenzo the Magnificent”. Lorenzo the Magnificent Renaissance Painting Developments The way artists painted changed greatly during the Renaissance. The best way to see the changes is to compare the two pictures. This is a Medieval painting showing the birth of Jesus in a stable in Bethlehem. The gold sky, the angles are seen. Human are not very important here This is a Renaissance painting showing the same scene. Do you see how much more realistic it is? Mary and baby Jesus are the right size and look like real people. The message in this image is that Jesus is a real person like us. Making pictures more lifelike • The aim of Renaissance artists was to make pictures more lifelike. They developed a number of tricks to do that. 1. Showing perspective. Things that are further away from us look smaller than thing that are close. It was also used to create depth or distance in pictures. 2. Studying the body. Some artist studied anatomy. They cut up dead bodies to find out where the bones were and how the muscles worked. This made their paintings and sculptures more accurate. Here is a famous sculpture by Michelangelo called “David”. 3. Sfumato is an art technique using light and shade. It was used to great effect to show different expressions on faces. It made painting of faces and bodies much more lifelike Leonardo da Vinchi used this technique when he painted the Mona Lisa to make her expressions unclear. Look at the picture and see can you make out if she is happy or sad. 4. Studying nature. Artists looked closely at trees and flowers and tried to paint them as they were. Animals and nature scenes are usually included in Renaissance paintings 5. Painting in oils. Early in the Renaissance painters mixed their colours with egg white. This dried quickly as it was difficult to get the effect they wanted. Then a French artist discovered how to use oil paints. These dried more slowly and allowed artist to show things more accurately Frescos Many Renaissance paintings were frescos. A fresco is a picture painted directly onto a wall or a ceiling. They used frescos to decorate their churches and houses Leonardo da Vinchi Leonardo da Vinchi was one of the greatest geniuses of the Renaissance. He was a marvellous painter but he was also an inventor •Leonardo da Vinchi was born in a town called Vinchi (the Italian word “da” means “from”) in Italy in 1452. His father wanted him to become a lawyer but Leonardo was interested in painting. At the age of fifteen he became an apprentice to a leading artist in Florence and he began to learn how to paint. It soon became clear that Leonardo was better than his master. He soon set up his won workshop •He was the first artist to use sfumato and he was good at portraying peoples feelings. You can see both qualities in his most famous picture the Mona Lisa. People still argue about what sort of expression is on her face. Is it sadness or happiness? •Leonardo painted a famous fresco “The last Supper” on the wall of a convent church. Leonardo tried out a new recipe for making the paint. It did not work. Soon after the picture was done, the paint began to peel away. You can see that in this picture Leonardo's Notebooks •Leonardo always carried a notebook with him so that he could jot down any ideas he had. If he saw an interesting face on the street, he would draw it. Sometimes he would even following the person home so that he could finish the drawing. •He dissected more than thirty bodies so that he could study the human body closely and make his pieces more lifelike. He also had a great interest in nature and animals. It is said that he would buy caged birds on street markets just to set them free. •When he wrote in his notebook he used mirror writing ( from right to left) For that reason no one could read his notes until many years after his death. We now have 5000 pages of his notebooks. The contain diagrams of machines as well as notes on science, geology and engineering. Leonardo the Inventor Leonardo invented several weapons of war, including an armoured car and a canon. His notebooks show that he thought about other inventions such as the submarine, and aeroplanes Sculpture and Architecture Sculptors produced many human figure during the Renaissance. They made them very lifelike and realistic. When they carved a statue they tried to show bone and muscles. St John by Donatello This is a close up of “David” by Michelangelo. It shows how beautiful he carved the marble so that Davis looks like a living man Michelangelo Buonarroti The greatest sculptor of the Renaissance was Michelangelo. He worked for the famous Lorenzo de Medici and lived in his palace designing and making wonderful statues for him. He soon moved to Rome and , here, he made one of him most famous statues called “The Pieta”, which means “sorrow”. The statue can be seen in St Peters Church. One day, Michelangelo heard people praising the beauty of the Pieta but they did not know who had carved it. That night Michelangelo sneaked into St Peters in Rome and signed his name on the statue. It is the only statue he ever signed. In 1505 Pope Julius ll asked Michelangelo to paint frescos on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. For four years he worked on the paintings. In them, he told the story of creation from the bible. He began with God creating Adam and ended with Noah and the flood He worked lying on his back. He became so involved in his painting that he often forgot to eat or sleep. He dismissed assistant after assistant. Only an old servant and Pope Julius were allowed to watch him work in the end. When he finished, the whole ceiling was covered in over 300 figures Architecture Many new buildings were designed during the Renaissance. Wealthy Italians wanted to make their city more beautiful. One way to do this was to design a new church. But the Italian did not want to build Gothic churches of the kind that were fashionable in North Europe. They wanted to build churches like the Roman buildings they had admired. Three features of Renaissance style buildings were :domes round arches and columns. Notre Dame Cathedral in France which features gothic elements of design. The Pantheon was a Roman temple is a Renaissance style building. This is a cathedral designed by a famous architect Flippo Brunelleschi in Florence during the Renaissance Writing Before the Renaissance all books were written by hand. Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in Germany in 1440. The first book he printed was the Bible. It was 1300 pages land it took four years to complete. Today there are only 47 copies of this bible available and its one of the most valuable books in the world. How printing changed the world. •Books became cheaper, so more people could afford to own them. •They were more common, so people learned to read and write •New ideas spread around the world thanks to books. •Is became harder for kings or popes to stop a new idea that they disliked because people could make copies of a book about it. William Shakespeare William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon in England in 1564. At the age of eighteen he married Anne Hathaway and soon after that he moved to London. In London he became an actor. There were several dramas there because the queen , Elizabeth 1, loved drama. Shakespeare soon began to write plays. He wrote thirty five altogether. They include comedies such as The Merchant of Venice and As you Like It , and tragedies as Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet. Like many Renaissance writers , he based some of his plots on stories from ancient Greece or Rome. His plays are still very popular today. Science In the Middle Ages, people believed that the earth was at the centre of the universe and that the sun, moon and stars moved around it. The bible and Church supported this theory. it also seemed to fit with common sense. Everyday people saw the sun rise from the east, move across the sky and set in the west. The moon and planets also seemed to move across the sky. So the obvious conclusion seemed to be that they moved around the earth, which stood still. But in the Renaissance some astronomers developed a new theory about the place of the earth in the universe. Nicholas Copernicus Nicholas Copernicus was born in Poland in 1473. He was a priest but also studied maths, medicine and astronomy. He watched the way stars moved and he made careful notes of his observations. Using mathematical calculations, Copernicus worked out a new theory. He suggested that the sun, not the earth was the centre of the solar system and that the earth revolved around it. Copernicicus set out his theory in a book called Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. He decided not to publish it because he was scared of getting into trouble. Galileo Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy, in 1564. He studied mathematics and physics in the local university. He designed and built a telescope so that he could study the stars. He believed that theories must be proved by experiment. He dropped two balls of different weight from the leaning tower of Pisa to show that objects fall at the same speed, whatever their weight. 1. Florence was one of the richest cities in Italy. Where did it wealth come from? 2. What was a patron? 3. How did Lorenzo de Medici get his nickname “Lorenzo the Magnificent? 4. Describe how Leonardo da Vinchi trained as an artist. 5. Name two techniques he used in his paintings? 6. What would you see if you went to visit the Sistine Chapel? 7. How is “The Pieta” the only piece of work signed by Michelangelo. 8. List three features of Renaissance architecture. Where did these ideas come from? 9. In what way did the printing of books help the Renaissance? 10.Write a short account of Nicolas Copernicus.