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THE SPIRIT OF THE RENAISSANCE: NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI Kristina Kline THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RENAISSANCE • The Renaissance was a significant time period of cultural rebirth across Europe during the 14 th – 17th centuries. It is defined by a newly found enthusiasm for education, classical literature, and the arts. During the Renaissance, relatively ordinary Europeans became enlightened by classical philosophy to think for themselves. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RENAISSANCE: SOCIAL EFFECTS • The secularist movement that took place during the Renaissance can be highly attributed to the invention of the printing press: • Before the Renaissance, the clergy and few nobles held the sole privilege of higher education; the Bible was written in languages unknown to the greater public, and so it was interpreted and preached strictly by the Church. • The easy access for voluntary education brought about by the printing press, however, allowed the Europeans to interpret Christian teachings for themselves and, more importantly, question the Church. • In addition, the invention of the printing press allowed great philosophical works of the time to be quickly dispersed among the common people and nobles alike. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RENAISSANCE: CULTURAL EFFECTS • In regard to the arts, Renaissance sculptors and painters were renowned for their revolutionary taste for intricate techniques and styles. Art was dominated by realism: perspective, lights and shadows, and geometrical figures. • This greatly contrasted the symbolic styles of medieval art which originated heavily from Christian values and were accentuated by shallow and uneven proportions. • Literature was equally affected by the new philosophies of the Renaissance. Shakespeare dared to explore the intricate extents of the English language, while Niccolò Machiavelli and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola questioned popular sentiment in regards to government and human nature. • This realistic perspective, in turn, greatly contrasted the religious and fantasydominated literary themes of the Middle Ages. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RENAISSANCE The Feast in the House of Levi (1573) | Paolo Veronese | This Renaissance-era painting highlights the themes of realism and natural proportion that evolved from the Dark Ages and dominated Renaissance art. | BIOGRAPHY | • Niccolò Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy on May 3, 1469. Intrigued by government and philosophy at a young age, Machiavelli dedicated fourteen years of his life as a diplomat to the Florentine Republic. • When the Medici family regained authority of Florence, Machiavelli was dismissed of his position and thrown into jail. Here, Machiavelli found himself studying Roman literature and composing his own works regarding man’s potential in monarchial governance. • One of these works, The Prince (1532), takes a realistic approach on the capabilities of a powerful ruler. In this respect, The Prince defines the humanist values of the Renaissance. • Today, Machiavelli’s poems, plays, and revolutionary works including The Prince earn him the legacy of the “father of modern political theory.” | THE PRINCE | • The Prince (1532) by Niccolò Machiavelli is perhaps one of the greatest literary works surviving the Renaissance era. • Expressively dedicated to Lorenzo de’ Medici, The Prince serves as a guide for effective monarchial rule. An early edition of The Prince (1550) • In summary, The Prince accentuates cruel and deceitful tactics as the most efficient methods to hold and enact power in a monarchial state. |THE PRINCE| AND HUMANISM • The Renaissance value of humanism greatly influences The Prince because Machiavelli, a humanist himself, targets human nature in portraying the ideal monarchy. Humanists of the Renaissance were devout proponents of human potential; throughout The Prince, Machiavelli articulately examines the dynamics of humanity. He understands that while a good ruler should possess some admirable qualities, it is impossible for any authentic being to be entirely good. Therefore, Machiavelli introduces the concept that characteristics like cruelty and dishonesty are necessary to effectively hold power over a state. • Unlike other humanists of his time, Machiavelli was perhaps the first to creatively explore relatively unethical methods of rule while roaming within the intellectual bounds of humanism. This is why The Prince is considered to be such a great work from the Renaissance period: Machiavelli attempts to summarize human nature from a disturbingly accurate and realistic standpoint. |THE PRINCE| AND INDIVIDUALISM • The Renaissance virtue of individualism is also represented in Machiavelli’s work, The Prince. Individualists of the Renaissance believed in a self-reliant and independent mind, one that worked towards the promotion of self-interest. Machiavelli highlights these virtues when he advises rulers on how to achieve absolute power. He even takes the time to point out specific characteristics that would contribute to the individualistic well-being of a prince: courage, cruelty, craftiness, confidence, and intelligence. • Machiavelli’s individualistic and perhaps psychological approach in identifying human characteristics helps contribute to The Prince’s overall fame and legacy. This is because he was among the first to tackle an in-depth analysis of the relationship between a person and his quest for personal glory. |THE PRINCE| AND SCIENTIFIC NATURALISM • Scientific naturalism plays a significant role in the philosophy behind The Prince. This doctrine goes hand in hand with humanism as Machiavelli takes a realistic approach in summarizing the average qualities that compose human nature. Scientific naturalists of the Renaissance focused prominently on viewing the world from the most realistic perspective humanly possible. In this way, Machiavelli examines human traits with natural assumptions and tries to stray as far as possible from supernatural or religious affiliations. • Part of The Prince’s literary significance can be attributed to its recurring themes of realism and naturalism. It is widely recognized for its brutal honesty; for example, Machiavelli argues that a prince should force his people to depend on him, whether it entails supplying limited resources or freedoms. While they may be unethical, Machiavelli’s tactics are truly authentic. |THE PRINCE| AND SECULARISM • Secularism is the fourth and final Renaissance doctrine that heavily influences Machiavelli’s The Prince. Secularists of the Renaissance promoted full separation of Church and government. Similarly, Machiavelli never uses religious reasoning to back his claims in his book. While he mentions that common people have strong ties to religion, it is evident that he believes spiritual argument is futile. Instead of being bound by supernatural or religious forces imposed by the Church, Machiavelli argues that man himself holds the ability to control his own destiny, which is why scientific logic reigns superior in the assertions of The Prince. • The Prince is considered a great work of its time because of its ability to move with the secularist movement of the Renaissance and break away from prevailing religious themes. Machiavelli even pushes readers to a further level of secularism, advising them to take his political strategies and challenge the Church as an institution of power. THE SPIRIT OF THE RENAISSANCE In summary, The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli serves as a precise representation of the Spirit of the Renaissance. Using the prevailing sentiments of his revolutionary time, Machiavelli builds off of the virtues of humanism, individualism, scientific naturalism, and secularism to create a “how-to” guide for successful monarchial rule. Every aspect of his work moves away from the medieval reliance of religion and uncertainty. Out of science and logic immersed obscure political strategies that were unknown to rulers of the medieval era. No longer were people merely defined by groups; Machiavelli urged his readers to use their individual traits to their advantage. In essence, The Prince radiates the Spirit of the Renaissance: the confidence and perseverance to own the present, to deviate the norm, and to become legendary and powerful.