Download Chapter 7. The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom 100

Chapter 7. The Quantum-­Mechanical Model of the Atom Student Objectives 7.1 Schrödinger’s Cat •
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Know that the behavior of macroscopic objects like baseballs is strikingly different from the behavior of microscopic objects like electrons. Know that the quantum-­‐mechanical model provides the basis for the organization of the periodic table and our understanding of chemical bonding. 7.2 The Nature of Light •
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Define and understand electromagnetic radiation. Define and understand amplitude, wavelength, and frequency. Use the speed of light to convert between wavelength and frequency. Know the electromagnetic spectrum and its different forms of radiation. Know and understand interference and diffraction and how they demonstrate the wave nature of light. Know and explain the photoelectric effect and how it demonstrates the particle nature of light. Use equations to interconvert energy, wavelength, and frequency of electromagnetic radiation. 7.3 Atomic Spectroscopy and the Bohr Model •
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Define and understand atomic spectroscopy and emission spectrum. Understand how the Bohr model explains the emission spectrum of hydrogen. 7.4 The Wave Nature of Matter: The de Broglie Wavelength, the Uncertainty Principle, and Indeterminacy •
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Know that electrons and photons behave in similar ways: both can act as particles and as waves. Know that photons and electrons, even when viewed as streams of particles, still display diffraction and interference patterns in a double-­‐slit experiment. Use de Broglie’s relation to interconvert wavelength, mass, and velocity. Know the complementarity of position and velocity through Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Know the similarities and differences in classical and quantum-­‐mechanical concepts of trajectory. Differentiate between deterministic and indeterminacy. 7.5 Quantum Mechanics and the Atom •
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Define orbital and wave function. Know that the Schrödinger equation is the ultimate source of energies and orbitals for electrons in atoms. Know the properties and allowed values of the principal quantum number, n. Know the properties, allowed values, and letter designations of the angular momentum quantum number, l. Know the properties and allowed values of the magnetic quantum number, ml. Know and understand how atomic spectroscopy defines the energy levels of electrons in the hydrogen atom. Calculate the energies and wavelengths of emitted and absorbed photons for hydrogen. 100
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 7. The Quantum-­Mechanical Model of the Atom 7.6 The Shapes of Atomic Orbitals Define probability density and radial distribution function. Define and understand node. Identify the number of nodes in a radial distribution function for an s orbital. Know the shapes of s, p, d, and f orbitals and the relationships to quantum numbers. Know that the shape of an atom is dictated by the combined shapes of the collection of orbitals for that atom. Define and understand phase. •
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Ch 7 Equation
ν=
c
λ λ =
hc
ΔE
€
c = 3.00 €
x 108 m/s h = 6.626 x 10 – 34 J•s ΔE = hν Ephoton =
hc
λ
1
1 ⎞
⎛ 1
= R €2 − 2
⎝ m
λ
n ⎠
λ =
€
h
mv €
Δx × mΔv ≥
h
4π
Ĥψ=Eψ €
En = − 2.178 x 10 –18 J
€
€
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎝ n 2 ⎠
⎛ 1
1 ⎞
ΔE = − 2.178 x 10 –18 J⎜ 2 – 2 ⎟ ⎝ n f
n i ⎠
101
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.