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TIMELINE 3 The FROMM INSTITUTE FROM ROMULUS to RUIN: A BRIEF HISTORY of the ROMAN REPUBLIC and the ROMAN EMPIRE Dr. Nikolaus Hohmann Part 3: The FALL of the ROMAN REPUBLIC MAP : The Roman Imperium by 44 BC The ROMAN REPUBLIC SPQR -Senatus Populusque Romanorum = the Senate and the Roman People PATRICIANS -wealthy landowning aristocrats (organized in clans), they dominated the affairs of state, the military leadership, and law -the SENATE > -the assembly of the Patricians, that is, the organized, institutional power of the Patricians -the council’s “advice” became law -the patronage system > PATRON and CLIENT (clientela) PLEBEIANS -the common people (included many wealthy families) -concilium plebis (the Plebeian Assembly) High magistrates of the Republic : -CONSUL -usually 2 consuls at one time, each elected for a 1-year term -commanded the army, -conducted state business, -supervised the state’s financial affairs -Quaestor -in charge of the public treasury; prosecuted criminals in public courts -Praetor -usually 4 at one time; administered offices when consuls were away -supervised justice -Censor -in charge of public morals, registration of citizens, public contracts -TRIBUNE -elected to protect the Plebeians (the people) from the Senate ____________________________________________________________________________ The PUNIC WARS 1st Punic War (Rome vs Carthage) (264 — 241 BC) 2nd Punic War (218 – 202 BC) -Hannibal (c. 247 – 183 BC), leader of the Carthaginian (Punic) invasion of Italy -MARCUS CATO (234 – 149 BC) vs SCIPIO CORNELIUS (234 – 183 BC) -Battle at Zama (202 BC) 3rd Punic War (149 – 146 BC) -Marcus Cato: “Carthage must be destroyed !” -Scipio Aemilianus (189 – 129 BC) = Scipio Africanus Minor ROME : The LATE REPUBLIC and its COLLAPSE (145 - 31 BC) “A city for sale and soon to perish, if it finds a buyer.” [ Sallust (c. 86 – 35 BC) ] The acquisition of the Kingdom of Pergamon (133 BC) The GRACCHUS brothers -TIBERIUS (c. 169 — 133 BC) -GAIUS ( 154 — 121 BC) The “Social War” (90 – 89 BC) -the Roman Senate grants citizenship to all free men living in ‘Italy’ -‘Italy’ is now the territory of Rome, its northern border on the Rubicon River The Civil War: Marius vs. Sulla (Sylla) -MARIUS (157 — 86 BC) -Lucius Cornelius SULLA (c. 138 — 78 BC) Gaius JULIUS CAESAR (c. 102 – 44 BC) -Cornelia (m. 84 - 69 BC) -Pompeia (m. 68 - 63 BC) -Calpurnia (m. 59 - 44 BC) POMPEY (Cneius Pompeius Magnus / c. 106 – 48 BC) The SPARTACUS uprising (73 – 71 BC) -the Appian Way Marcus Licinius CRASSUS (c. 115 — 53 BC) The invasion of the Seleucid lands by Pompey and conquest of Palestine (63 BC) Marcus Tullius CICERO (106 - 43 BC) vs. the Catiline conspiracy (63 BC) Julius Caesar becomes Pontifex Maximus (63 BC) -Sosigenes of Alexandria The First TRIUMVIRATE (59 – 49 BC) : Caesar & Pompey & Crassus -Caesar and the Romans invade GAUL (59 BC > ) -divide et impera (divide and conquer) -defeat of Vercingetorix -Ptolemy XII, the Hellenistic ruler of Egypt, is overthrown and flees to Rome -he allies with Pompey and is restored to the throne in Egypt by Pompey -death of Crassus in Pontus (53 BC) -Pompey vs. Caesar -supporters of Julius Caesar vs opponents of Julius Caesar -Marcus BRUTUS -CICERO -Marcus Antonius (MARK ANTONY) -Pius Scipio -Gaius CASSIUS -CATO the YOUNGER famous for his integrity and loyalty to Republic The collapse of the Triumvirate with the death of Crassus (49 BC) Caesar invades Italy and Rome (49 BC) -alea iacta est (the die is cast) -“crossing the Rubicon” [an irrevocable decision has been made] -Pompey and the Senate flee from Rome Caesar invades Egypt (48 BC) -the assassination of Pompey -alliance with CLEOPATRA VII (c. 69 BC / r. 51 – 30 BC) -co-ruler of Egypt with PTOLEMY XIII (c. 63 / r. 51 – 47 BC) -the advisor Ponthius -death of the advisor Ponthius and of Ptolemy XIII -re-installment of Cleopatra on the throne of Egypt in Alexandria -Cleopatra marries Ptolemy XIV (c. 59 / r. 47 – 44 BC) -birth of CAESARION (c. 47 – 30 BC) Caesar conquers Pontus (48 BC) -veni vidi vinci (“I came, I saw, I conquered”) Caesar proclaims himself dictator perpetuo “dictator for life” (44 BC) -the “Ides of March” (March 15, 44 BC) __________________________________________________________________________ READINGS : Julius Caesar Julius Caesar Plutarch Livy The Gallic Wars (or: The Conquest of Gaul ) The Civil War Lives (or: The Makers of Rome ) The Early History of Rome The Collapse of Rome : Marius, Sulla and the First Civil War The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla by A.H. Beesley by Gareth Sampson Caesar : Life of a Colossus, by Adrian Goldsworthy (2008) Rubicon : The Last Years of the Roman Republic, by Tom Holland (2005) ____ FICTION: The Grass Crown by Colleen McCullough The October Horse by Colleen McCullough (a novel about Caesar & Cleopatra) IMPERIUM / CONSPIRATA / DICTATOR -a trilogy of novels centered around the life of Cicero by Robert Harris ____________________________________________________________________________ If you have questions, please do not hesitate to contact me at [email protected]