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Transcript
Non-Invasive Induction Link Model for Implantable Biomedical Microsystems: Pacemaker to Monitor Arrhythmic Patients in Body Area Networks Prepared by: Anum Tauqir DARE Page 1 Outline Background Problem Statement Motivation Mathematical Model Equivalent Circuits Equations Simulation Results Conclusion DARE Page 2 Background DARE Page 3 Medical Implants aim to: replace missing body parts or deliver medication, monitor body functions, or provide support to organs and tissues. Most widely implanted device: Pacemaker monitor patients with heart related issues Most commonly occurring is arrhythmia DARE Page 4 Arrhythmia an abnormal heart rhythm, due to changes in the conduction of electrical impulses through the heart. Pacemakers: use low-energy electrical pulses to overcome this abnormality. They create forced rhythms according to natural human heart beats, to let the heart to function in a normal manner. consists of a small battery, a generator and wires attached to the sensor to be inserted into the patients heart. DARE Page 5 Working of Pacemaker DARE Page 6 Problem Statement DARE Page 7 To cater for arrhythmia: generated pulses carry sensed information regarding different events occurring inside the heart to the doctor processing and transmission of data, create a strain on the battery of a pacemaker to consume huge amount of power that ultimately; depletes the sensor and hence becomes unable to further carry any informational data. DARE Page 8 Motivation DARE Page 9 Induction technique is presented to: recharge the sensors battery, implanted inside a pacemaker to avoid early depletion Technique focuses on enhancing: voltage gain link efficiency Two equivalent circuits: Series tuned primary circuit Series tuned primary and parallel tuned secondary circuit DARE Page 10 Mathematical Model DARE Page 11 Induction Link Primary Circuit powered by a voltage source Secondary Circuit Source generates magnetic flux in order to induce power at secondary side, implanted inside human body. Interface skin acts as an interface or a barrier between the two circuits. DARE Page 12 Induction Link Parameters Coupling Co-efficient (k) degree of coupling between the two circuits. enhances the link efficiency In WBANs for body tissues safety: k < 0.45 Voltage Gain (Vout / Vin) ratio that, indicates an increase in the voltage at the output side in relative to the voltage applied at primary side Link Efficiency (η) ability of transferring power from primary side to secondary side in an efficient manner. DARE Page 13 Equivalent Circuits DARE Page 14 Series Tuned Primary Circuit (STPC) DARE Page 15 a capacitor is connected in series at primary side. as, only a small amount of voltage induces because of a low coupling factor of 0.45 so, a series tuned circuit is used in order to: DARE induce sufficient amount of voltage to the secondary coil Page 16 Series Tuned Primary and Parallel Tuned Secondary Circuit (STPPTSC) DARE Page 17 capacitor C2p is connected in parallel at secondary side as, the sensors implanted inside a human body operate under low frequencies. parallel capacitor let the circuit to act as a low pass filter which, allows low frequencies to pass through and, blocking the higher frequencies thereby, preventing damages to body tissues DARE Page 18 Model Parameters DARE Parameter Value Operating frequency f = 13.56 MHz Primary coil L1 = 5.48 μH Secondary coil L2 = 1 μH Parasitic resistance of the transmitter coil RL1 ≃ 2.12 Ω Parasitic resistance of the receiver coil RL2 ≃ 1.63 Ω Load resistance Rload = 320 Ω Page 19 Equations DARE Page 20 Voltage Gain For STPC where, For STPPTSC DARE Page 21 Link Efficiency For STPC where, For STPPTSC where, DARE Page 22 Simulation Results DARE Page 23 Voltage Gain of Series Tuned Primary Circuit DARE Page 24 Link Efficiency of Series Tuned Primary Circuit DARE Page 25 Voltage Gain of Series Tuned Primary and Parallel Tuned Secondary Circuit DARE Page 26 Link Efficiency of Series Tuned Primary and Parallel Tuned Secondary Circuit DARE Page 27 Conclusion DARE Page 28 DARE Page 29 DARE Page 30