Download Self-efficacy theory

Chapter 7: Motivation Concepts
7-1
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd.
LO 1
Key Elements of Motivation
The three key elements of motivation are:
1. Intensity: concerned with how hard a person
tries.
2. Direction: the orientation that benefits the
organization.
3. Persistence: a measure of how long a person
can maintain his/her effort.
7-2
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LO 2
Marlow’s Hierarchy of Needs
7-3
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LO 2
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X assumptions are basically negative.
Employees inherently dislike work and must be
coerced into performing.
Theory Y assumptions are basically positive.
Employees can view work as being as natural as
rest or play.
7-4
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LO 2
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
7-5
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LO 2
McClelland’s Theory of Needs
 The theory focuses on three needs:
1. Need for achievement (nAch)
2. Need for power (nPow)
3. Need for affiliation (nAfl)
7-6
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd.
LO 3
Self-Determination Theory
Proposes that people prefer to feel they
have control over their actions.
Self-determination theory acknowledges
that extrinsic rewards can improve even
intrinsic motivation under specific
circumstances.
Self-concordance: considers how strongly
people’s reasons for pursuing goals are
consistent with their interests and core
values.
7-7
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LO 4
Job Engagement
Job engagement is the investment of an employee’s
physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job
performance.
What makes people more engaged in their job?
 The degree to which an employee believes it is
meaningful to engage in work.
 A match between the individual’s values and the
organization’s.
 Leadership behaviors that inspire workers to a
greater sense of mission.
7-8
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LO 5
Goal-Setting Theory,
Goal-Setting Theory : Goals tell an employee
what needs to be done and how much effort is
needed.
Three other factors influencing the goalsperformance relationship:
 Goal commitment
 Task characteristics
 National culture
7-9
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LO 5
Self-Efficacy Theory
Self-efficacy theory is an individual’s belief that he
or she is capable of performing a task.
 Enactive mastery
 Vicarious modeling
 Verbal persuasion
 Arousal
Also known as social cognitive theory and social
learning theory.
7-10
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LO 5
Joint Effects of
Goals and Self-Efficacy Theory
7-11
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LO 5
Reinforcement Theory
Reinforcement theory: behavior is a
function of its consequences.
Operant conditioning theory: people
learn to behave to get something they
want or to avoid something they don’t
want.
B.F. Skinner’s behaviorism
7-12
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Ltd.
LO 5
Social-learning theory
Social-learning theory: we can learn through both
observation and direct experience.
 Models are central, and four processes determine
their influence on an individual:
1. Attentional processes
2. Retention processes
3. Motor reproduction processes
4. Reinforcement processes
7-13
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LO 6
Equity Theory
7-14
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LO 6
Organizational Justice
as a Refinement of Equity Theory
7-15
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LO 7
Expectancy Theory
7-16
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LO 8
Compare Contemporary
Theories of Motivation
7-17
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