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Week 8 • Explain the need for transport systems in multicellular animals in terms of size, activity and surface-area-to-volume ratio. • Explain the meaning of the terms single and double circulatory systems with reference to the circulatory systems of fish and mammals. © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 8 The surface-area-to-volume ratio changes with increasing size © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 8 (a) Single circulation and (b) double circulation © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 8 • Describe the external and internal structure of the mammalian heart. • Explain the differences in thickness of the walls of the different chambers of the heart in terms of their functions. © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 8 The internal structure of the heart © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 8 • Describe the cardiac cycle with reference to the action of the valves in the heart. © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 8 The cardiac cycle © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 8 Action of the atrioventricular valves © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 8 Pressures changes in the aorta, left ventricle and left atrium during one heartbeat © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 8 • Describe how heart action is coordinated with reference to the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node and the Purkyne tissue. • Interpret and explain electrocardiogram (ECG) traces with reference to normal and abnormal heart activity. © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 8 The pathway followed by the wave of excitation © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 8 A normal ECG trace compared with others indicating an unhealthy heart © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original