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Phrases (missing a subject or verb) – prepositional, verbal, & appositive 1 PHRASES Phrase- a group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb and its subject (NOTE: if a group of words contains both a verb and its subject, it is called a clause) I. Prepositional Phrases - includes a preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object. EX: to the pool at the Jackson’s house instead of them Preposition: a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word. (see p.28 in grammar book) Prepositions aboard about above across after against along amid among around as at before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond but (meaning except) by concerning down during except for from in inside into like near of off on onto out outside over past since through throughout till to toward under underneath until up upon with within without Compound prepositions according to as of aside from because of by means of in addition to in front of in place of in spite of instead of next to on account of out of prior to 1. Adjective Phrases – a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun EX: Amy closed the door to the cellar. The horse in the trailer with the rusted latch broke loose. Please hand me the book on the table. 2. Adverb Phrases – a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb EX: Britney answered with a smile. They sailed across the lake yesterday. By Wednesday Christopher will be finished. Phrases (missing a subject or verb) – prepositional, verbal, & appositive II. 2 Verbals & Verbal Phrases – Verbals are formed from verbs. Like verbs, they may have modifiers and complements. However, verbals are used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs, not as verbs. The three kinds of verbals are participles, gerunds, and infinitives. 1. Participial Phrases – used as an adjective; consists of a participle and any complements or modifiers the participle has. EX: Seeing the car, the dog barked loudly. The cat hissed at the dog barking loudly in the yard next door. The first skyscraper constructed on a metal frame was built there during this period Participle – a verb form that can be used as an adjective (present and past) EX: We saw the raccoon escaping through the back door. Waxed floors can be dangerously slippery. . 2. Gerund Phrases – used as a noun; consists of a gerund and any modifiers or complements the gerund has EX: The gentle pattering of the rain was a welcome sound. My dog’s favorite game is bringing me the newspaper. I feared skiing down the mountain alone. Gerund – a verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun (Like other nouns, gerunds are used as subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions.) EX: The dancing was fun. My favorite part of the show was his juggling. Circling the runway, the pilot was preparing for landing. 3. Infinitive Phrases – used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb; consists of an infinitive and any modifiers or complements the infinitive has EX: To make tamales quickly was hard. Chris is the player to watch in the next game. We are eager to finish this project. Infinitive – a verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Most infinitives begin with to. EX: Brandon wanted to work on the play (as a noun). The place to visit is Williamsburg (as an adjective). Sabina jumped to look (as an adverb). Phrases (missing a subject or verb) – prepositional, verbal, & appositive III. 3 Appositives & Appositive Phrases – consists of an appositive and any modifiers it has Appositive phrase – consists of an appositive and any modifiers it has EX: Lucy Sanchez, my longtime friend from my old neighborhood, has a new Scottish terrier. Dr. Jackson has a degree in entomology, the scientific study of insects. Appositive: a noun or a pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it. EX: The sculptor Isamu Noguchi has designed sculpture gardens. Eric, a talented musician, plans to study in Europe. Those, the ones on the right, are on sale.