Download B7 Further Biology

08/05/2017
B7 Further Biology
(OCR 21st Century)
M Barker
Shirebrook Academy
B7.1 Peak Performance –
Movement and Exercise
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The Skeletal System
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The internal skeleton of a vertebrate
does 3 jobs:
1) It gives the body SHAPE
2) It allows the body to MOVE
3) It PROTECTS the major organs
Joint Movement
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A typical joint – the knee
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Ligaments – hold the joint
together
Synovial fluid – an oily
substance that reduces
friction
Cartilage – stops the
bones from rubbing
against each other
Medical History Assessment
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Tobacco
consumption
Level of
physical
activity
Family
medical
history
Symptoms
Factors to be included in a
medical assessment
Previous
treatments
Alcohol
consumption
Current
Medication
Medical Treatment Project
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Task: Produce a project (PowerPoint, leaflet, poster etc) on
how medical treatments are administered. Your project
should include information on the following:
1) How patient assessments are carried out
2) The benefits of regular contact and detailed record
keeping
3) What needs to be done after a diagnosis
4) How and why physiotherapy might be administered
5) How progress can be monitored and assessed
6) Injuries – sprains, torn ligaments, dislocations etc, including
what they are and how you treat them.
Body-Mass Index
08/05/2017
A commonly-used way to indicate is someone is overweight or
underweight is the Body Mass Index (BMI):
BMI =
Mass (kg)
Height2 (m2)
BMI
Meaning
<18.5
Underweight
18.5-25
Ideal
25-30
Overweight
30-40
Obese
Common Injuries
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What are these injuries?
Sprained ankle
Dislocated shoulder
Torn ligament
Treating a Sprained Ankle
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Here’s a sprained ankle:
To treat a sprained ankle you’d use
the RICE method R–
Rest
I–
Ice
C–
Compression
E-
Elevation
B7.2 Peak Performance Circulation
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The Circulatory system
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The circulatory system is responsible
for pumping ______ around the body.
We need blood to be taken around the
body because blood contains ________
and _______. These are needed so
that all the ____ in our bodies can
produce _____ through _________.
The main organs in the circulatory
system are the _____, the lungs and
the kidneys.
Words – energy, heart, blood, glucose,
respiration, oxygen, cells
The four parts of blood
1. RED BLOOD CELLS – packed with
haemoglobin and carry ______ around the
body. They have no _______ and a
bioconcave shape for increased surface area.
2. PLATELETS – small bits of cells that lie
around waiting for a cut to happen so that
they can ____ (for a scab).
3. WHITE BLOOD CELLS – kill invading
_______ by producing _________ or
engulfing (“eating”) the microbe.
These three are all carried around by the
PLASMA (a straw-coloured liquid). Plasma
transports CO2 and ______ as well as
taking away waste products to the ______.
Words – antibodies, clot, kidneys,
oxygen, nucleus, glucose, microbes.
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The Heart
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1. Deoxygenated
blood (i.e. blood
without oxygen)
enters through the
vena cava into the
right atrium
4. Oxygenated
blood from the
lungs enters
through the
pulmonary vein into
the left atrium
2. It’s then
pumped through
the tricuspid valve
into the right
ventricle
5. It’s then pumped
through the
bicuspid valve into
the left ventricle
3. It’s then pumped
through the semi-lunar
valve up to the lungs
through the pulmonary
artery
6. It’s then pumped
out of the aorta to
the rest of the
body
“Double Circulation”
1) Blood gets pumped
from the heart to the
lungs and picks up oxygen.
The haemoglobin in the
cells becomes
oxyhaemoglobin
5) After the oxygen and
glucose have been removed
for respiration the blood is
sent back to the heart and
starts again
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2) The blood is then
taken back to the
heart…
3) The heart pumps
the blood to the
intestine (where
oxygen and glucose
are removed). The
oxyhaemoglobin is
split up into oxygen
and haemoglobin…
4) … and to the rest of
the body (where oxygen
is also removed)
Capillaries and Capillary tissue
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Here’s a capillary:
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that have
permeable walls so that substances can diffuse
in and out (like oxygen in the lungs and glucose
in the intestine). Here’s how this works:
Capillary
Tissue fluid
Surrounding
cells
As blood passes through the capillary beds
molecules like oxygen and glucose are forced out
to form the tissue fluid. They then diffuse out
into the cells and substances like carbon dioxide
and urea diffuse back into the capillaries.
B7.3 Peak Performance –
Energy Balance
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Body Temperature
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Nerve endings in the skin detect the
external temperature
Temperature detectors in the brain (the
hypothalamus) detect the blood temperature
The brain coordinates a response
using hormones
Effectors (muscles and sweat glands) carry
out the response. Some effectors work
“antagonistacally” – what does this mean?
Maintaining Body Temperature
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Here are two ways your body will change to lose surplus heat:
Cold
Hot
Vasodilation
Excessive exercise can lead to dehydration, which may lead
Vasoconstriction
to reduced sweating
and a further increase in body
temperature.
Low Body temperature
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What does your body do to
try to keep body
temperature constant
when you are cold?
Shivering occurs, which results
in some of the energy
transferred in respiration
being used to warm the
surrounding tissue.
Also, blood vessels constrict
(“vasoconstriction”) in order to
restrict blood flow through
skin capillaries.
Diabetes
08/05/2017
What is diabetes?
What do the pens (above right) do?
What does an insulin injection (above left) do?
What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?
How does physical activity affect Type 1 and Type 2
Diabetics?
Diabetes
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Diabetes is a ________ in which a person’s blood sugar (i.e.
glucose) level may rise to a _______ level. Type 1 diabetes is
when the ______ doesn’t produce enough _________,
whereas type 2 diabetes is when the body no longer responds
to its own insulin or doesn’t make enough of it.
Type 1 diabetes can be controlled using insulin ________
whereas type 2 diabetes can be controlled by careful
_______ and exercise. Diabetics have to test their blood
sugar level before they decide how much insulin to _______
themselves with. Diets high in fibre and complex
carbohydrates can help to maintain a healthy sugar level.
Words – insulin, disease, inject,
dangerous, eating, pancreas, injections
Diabetes and Obesity
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% obesity of
US population
No. of people
(in millions)
with Diabetes
More interesting statistics…
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No. of fast
food outlets
No. of people
(in millions)
with Diabetes
B7.4 What can we learn from
natural ecosystems?
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Ecosystems
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“Ecosystem” is a term used to describe all of the organisms living together
as a community in a particular habitat and can often be self-supporting
other than the need for an energy source.
Possible waste products from an ecosystem:
Oxygen from
trees
Carbon dioxide
from animals
Waste
products
Dead organic
matter
Notice that waste products from some
organisms are used by other organisms –
this is a “closed loop” system and a perfect
closed loop is when nothing is wasted.
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An example of a loop in an ecosystem - Carbon
CO2 in air
6. These microbes
also release CO2
through
respiration
5. Animals (and plants)
die and their remains
are fed on by microbes
2. Plants release CO2
through respiration
1. CO2 is taken
in by plants
4. Animals
release CO2
through
respiration
Notice that no
ecosystem is a perfect
closed loop due to the
loss of some output.
Where could this happen
in the carbon cycle?
3. The carbon taken in
by plants is then eaten
by animals
Stable Ecosystems
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A “stable ecosystem” is one where the
outputs (losses) are balanced by gains, e.g.
a rainforest:
Examples of why a rainforest is a closed
ecosystem:
Some organisms produce large numbers of
reproductive structures like eggs and flowers.
The ones that don’t survive into adulthood are
recycled into the ecosystem.
The vegetation prevents soil erosion (by
binding the soil) and extremes of temperature
and also encourages cloud formation, so that
whatever is lost from a river is replaced by
rainfall
Human impact on ecosystems
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Humans rely on ecosystems for lots of things, including:
- Clean air
- Fish
- Water
- Game/meat
- Food
Is it possible for humans to run a closed ecosystem on
our own?
- Non-recycled waste?
- Burning fossil fuels?
Here are some ways in which humans can affect an
ecosystem:
Accumulation of pesticides
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Insecticides can wash into a stream or lake where they are
taken up by microscopic water plants. Consider the food chain:
Although the level of insecticides in the plants is small, it
will build up through the food chain due to the number of
organisms in each stage. In this example, if each plant had
“one bit” of pesticide, the bird will have eaten 9 bits.
Eutrophication
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Yet another example of pollution, eutrophication is when lakes become
stagnant due to careless use of fertiliser. There are six steps:
1) Inorganic fertilisers
used on fields are
washed into the lake
3) This growth causes
overcrowding and many plants die
due to lack of enough light or food
2) The fertiliser causes increased growth in water plants
Eutrophication
4) Microorganisms and
bacteria increase in number due
to the extra dead material
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6) The lack of oxygen
causes the death of fish
and other aquatic animals
Can’t…breathe…
5) These microorganisms
use up the oxygen in the
lake during respiration
Eutrophication
4) Microorganisms and
bacteria increase in number due
to the extra dead material
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6) The lack of oxygen
causes the death of fish
and other aquatic animals
5) These microorganisms
use up the oxygen in the
lake during respiration
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Removing Biomass from an Ecosystem
Deforestation occurs
when biomass like trees is
removed from a natural
closed loop system for use
by humans:
Over-fishing in a lake can
also be unsustainable.
Sustainable Development
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Sustainable development is all about preserving the world for
tomorrow.
The main point is – “don’t use
resources at a rate quicker than
they are made”
Examples of sustainable development include:
1) Replanting trees after chopping them down
2) Limiting the number of fish allowed in a catch (a “quota”)
3) Protecting endangered species
Crude Oil
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Here’s some crude oil:
Crude oil can never be
considered part of a
closed system as it takes
millions of years to form.
Crude oil is formed from the decay of dead organisms,
who basically got their energy from the sun millions of
years ago – crude oil is called “fossil sunlight energy”.
The sun is a sustainable source of energy for
natural ecosystems and sustainable
agriculture – without it, we can’t survive!
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Natural Ecosystems and Human Needs
Natural ecosystems should be preserved but we
also need to look after our basic needs!
Some societies have tried
replacing natural vegetation
with agricultural crops and
livestock, but this can often
lead to problems like a loss
of biodiversity or
desertification
B7.5 New Technologies
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Using Bacteria
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Here are some pictures of bacteria:
Bacteria are useful for
industrial and genetic
processes for many reasons:
- Rapid _________
- Presence of ________
- Simple biochemistry
- Ability to make complex
_________
- Lack of ______ concerns
Bacteria and fungi can be grown on large scales (__________) to produce
things like antibiotics, single-cell proteins, enzymes for food and enzymes
for products like ________ ______ and biofuels.
Words – washing powder, molecules, reproduction, plasmids,
fermentation, ethical
Genetic modification - Insulin
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Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to help control
blood sugar levels. Diabetics can’t produce enough insulin and
often need to inject it. Until recently, insulin was taken from
pigs and cows.
Insulin can now be made by genetic modification. Genetic
modification is when a gene from one organism is transferred
to another and continues to work:
Genetic modification - Insulin
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Step 1: Using RESTRICTION
ENZYMES “cut out” the part of
the human chromosome that is
responsible for producing insulin.
Step 2: Using another restriction
enzyme cut open a ring of bacterial
DNA (a “plasmid”). Other enzymes
are then used to insert the piece of
human DNA into the plasmid.
Step 3: Place the plasmid into a bacterium
which will start to divide rapidly. As it
divides it will replicate the plasmid and
make millions of them, each with the
instruction to produce insulin. Commercial
quantities of insulin can then be produced.
The Steps in Genetic Modification
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Here are the basic steps in genetic modification:
Step 1 – isolate and replicate the required gene
Step 2 – put the gene into a suitable vector (virus
or plasmid)
Step 3 – use the vector to insert the gene into a
new cell
Step 4 – select the modified individuals
As well as making insulin, this procedure can also be used to
make herbicide resistance in plants. How would this help food
production?
Genetic Modification
Advantages
Improving crop yield
Improving resistance to
pesticides
Extend shelf-life
Manufacture a certain
chemical (e.g. insulin)
Convenience
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Disadvantages
Genetically modified
organisms may be expensive
Unknown effects on
ecosystems
Effects may be passed on to
other crops, e.g. weed
resistance spreading from
crops to weeds
Ethical issues
Genetic Testing
Task: Produce a report
describing how genetic
testing (e.g. finding out
who the real father is)
is done.
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I am your father
Your report should include:
1) How genetic testing is done (in 3 or 4 stages)
2) The role of DNA and UV in the process
3) Other examples of things that can be genetically tested
How Genetic Testing works
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Here are the four stages in genetic testing:
Isolate the DNA sample from white blood cells
Produce the gene probe labelled with a fluorescent
chemical – this will find the faulty gene
Add the labelled gene probe (marker) to the
DNA sample to find the faulty gene
Use UV to detect the marker and therefore
indicate the position of the gene or the presence
of a specific allele in the DNA sample
Gene probe
Gene probe
Faulty gene
Gene probe
Faulty gene
Nanotechnology
08/05/2017
Definition:
Nanotechnology is a new branch of science that refers to
structures built from a few hundred atoms and are 1100nm big (i.e. about the size of a molecule). They show
different properties to the same materials in bulk, partly
because they also have a large surface area to volume
ratio and their properties could lead to new developments
in computers, building materials etc.
Two examples of nanotechnology
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Silver nanoparticles can be used to give fibres antibacterial
properties – look at what they do to e-coli bacteria:
Normal
e-coli
E-coli affected
by silver
nanoparticles
Nanotechnology can also be used to detect contaminants – for
example, a milk carton could tell you when the milk has gone
off.
Stem Cell research
A stem cell is a cell
that hasn’t yet
specialised into other
forms of cell:
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Adult stem cells can
potentially be used to
treat leukaemia and
spinal chord injuries.
Ciliated
epithelial cell
White blood cell
Nerve cell
(neurone)
Egg cell (ovum)
Biomedical Engineering
Biomedical engineering is when
devices like pacemakers and artificial
valves are used to treat heart
problems or irregular heartbeats:
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